作者:胡建斌,余雨枫,雷春涛,陈辉
作者单位:610072)中国四川省成都市,四川省医学科学院 四川省人民医院眼科;(610072)中国四川省成都市,成都中医药大学护理学院
【摘要】 目的:研究高度近视眼伴后巩膜葡萄肿黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离的临床治疗效果及不同手术方式的有效性方法:回顾性分析2003 05/2008 05诊断治疗的高度近视眼伴后巩膜葡萄肿黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离91眼,分析视网膜复位情况及最佳矫正视力。结果:在这些视网膜脱离的治疗中,有6种手术方式:单纯黄斑区巩膜外垫压12眼,5眼(42%)首次术后视网膜回贴;单纯玻璃体腔气体充填15眼,6眼(40%)首次术后视网膜回贴;平坦部玻璃体切除联合球内气体充填20眼,14眼(70%)首次术后视网膜回贴;平坦部玻璃体切除、视网膜前膜剥离联合球内气体充填16眼,11眼(69%)首次术后视网膜回贴;巩膜环扎、玻璃体切除、视网膜前膜剥离联合球内气体充填25眼,18眼(72%)首次术后视网膜回贴;巩膜环扎、玻璃体切除联合硅油填充13眼,10眼(77%)首次术后视网膜回贴。64眼(70%)首次手术治疗后视网膜回贴,85眼(93%)视网膜回贴。结论:玻璃体切除联合球内惰性气体或硅油填充是治疗高度近视眼伴后巩膜葡萄肿黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离的最有效方法。
【关键词】 高度近视眼;巩膜葡萄肿黄斑裂孔性;视网膜脱离
Clinical research of the treatment of retinal detachment resulting from a posterior staphylomaassociated macular hole in high myopia
JianBin Hu, YuFeng Yu, ChunTao Lei, Hui Chen
Department of Ophthalmology, Peoples Hospital of Sichuan Medical Science College, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China; Nursing College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China
AbstractAIM: To evaluate the surgical outcome of retinal detachment resulting from a posterior staphylomaassociated macular hole in high myopia. METHODS: Ninetyone high myopia with retinal detachment resulting from a posterior staphylomaassociated macular hole diagnosed between May 2003 and May 2008 were retrospectively studied. Anatomical reattachment of the retinal and best corrected visual acuity were measured. RESULTS: Six different operative methods were used to treat these eyes: 12 eyes were undergone scleral buckle only, in which 5 eyes (42%) retina attached after the first surgery; 15 eyes were performed longacting gas tamponade only, of them, 6 eyes (40%) retina attached after the first surgery; 20 eyes received pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with longacting gas tamponate, 14 eyes (70%) retina attached after the first surgery; 16 eyes were performed PPV with epiretinal membrane(ERM) peeling and longacting gas tamponate, 11 eyes (69%) retina attached after the first surgery; 25 eyes were undergone encircling scleral buckling combined with PPV, ERM peeling and longacting gas tamponate, 18 eyes (72%) retina attached after the first surgery; 13 eyes were practiced encircling scleral buckling combined with PPV and silicone oil tamponate, 10 eyes (77%) retina attached after the first surgery. Overall, successful retinal reattachment was achieved in 64 of 91 eyes (70%) after the first surgery. The ultimate successful retinal reattachment was 85 of 91 eyes (93%) after subsequent surgery. The mean preoperative vision was 4.00±0.15, and mean postoperative vision was 4.40±0.15. CONCLUSION: Pars plana vitrectomy combined with longacting gas or silicone oil tamponade is the best treatment choice for the retinal detachment resulting from a posterior staphylomaassociated macular hole in highly myopic eyes. KEYWORDS: high myopia; posterior staphylomaassociated macular hole; retinal detachment
视网膜脱离是常见的致盲性眼底疾病,多发生于近视眼人群,尤其是高度近视者。对于视网膜脱离的治疗,有多种的手术治疗方式,但其治疗效果不一。自20世纪70年代以来,随着玻璃体切除技术的完善及广泛应用,视网膜脱离的治疗进入了新的里程碑,挽救了很多患者的视功能[1]。高度近视眼伴后巩膜葡萄肿黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离是一种特殊类型的视网膜脱离,由于其眼轴较长,术后视网膜不易回贴[2]。本研究回顾性分析2003 05/2008 05 91例高度近视眼伴后巩膜葡萄肿黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离患者,对其手术方式及治疗效果进行分析研究。
1对象和方法
1.1对象 2003 05/2008 05四川省人民医院眼科诊断治疗的高度近视眼伴后巩膜葡萄肿黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离91例(91眼),左眼42眼,右眼49眼;男32例,女59例;年龄32~78岁;治疗前视网膜脱离时间1~30wk。所有患者皆于术前散瞳行间接眼底镜、三面镜检查、A/B型超声波检查以确诊黄斑裂孔、视网膜脱离范围、后巩膜葡萄肿及玻璃体视网膜增殖情况。其他裂孔性视网膜脱离、糖尿病性视网膜病变及其他原因所致视网膜脱离等不纳入本研究。
1.2方法 91例中包括6种手术方式:单纯黄斑区巩膜外垫压;单纯玻璃体腔气体充填;平坦部玻璃体切除联合球内气体充填;平坦部玻璃体切除、视网膜前膜剥离联合球内气体充填;巩膜环扎、玻璃体切除、视网膜前膜剥离联合球内气体充填;巩膜环扎、玻璃体切除联合硅油填充。术后病例随访3~12mo。 统计学分析:采用SPSS 12.0统计软件包进行统计学分析,统计方法包括χ2检验、t检验,检验水准α为0.05。
2结果 91例患者,平均年龄53.8±9.0(32~78)岁,治疗前视网膜脱离时间平均6.0±6.5(1~30)wk,所有患者近视屈光度>10.00D,平均14.57±6.15(10.00~23.00)D,眼轴平均27.13±1.65(26.17~33.15)mm,平均随访时间28.25±26.12(3~98)mo。所有患者皆有后巩膜葡萄肿及脉络膜萎缩斑,82例患者有完全性玻璃体后脱离,9例患者没有玻璃体后脱离。91例91眼,有6种手术方式:单纯黄斑区巩膜外垫压12眼,5眼(42%)首次术后视网膜回贴;单纯玻璃体腔气体充填15眼,6眼(40%)首次术后视网膜回贴;平坦部玻璃体切除联合球内气体充填20眼,14眼(70%)首次术后视网膜回贴;平坦部玻璃体切除、视网膜前膜剥离联合球内气体充填16眼,11眼(69%)首次术后视网膜回贴;巩膜环扎、玻璃体切除、视网膜前膜剥离联合球内气体充填25眼,18眼(72%)首次术后视网膜回贴;巩膜环扎、玻璃体切除联合硅油填充13眼,10眼(77%)首次术后视网膜回贴。64眼(70%)首次手术治疗后视网膜回贴,85眼(93%)视网膜回贴。术前最佳矫正视力平均4.00±0.15,术后随访最佳矫正视力平均4.40±0.15,统计学分析差异有显著性(P=0.032)。术后并发白内障35例(38%),20例行白内障超声乳化术未植入人工晶状体,15例行白内障超声乳化人工晶状体植入术;继发青光眼5例(5%)。
3讨论 高度近视眼者是视网膜脱离的高发人群。高度近视眼伴后巩膜葡萄肿黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离是一种特殊类型的视网膜脱离,由于其眼轴长,眼球畸形,视网膜较薄,黄斑裂孔不易封闭,视网膜回贴率较低[35]。本研究常规的巩膜外垫压及单纯的球内注气术视网膜回贴率为40%左右。随着玻璃体切除技术及玻璃体腔填充物的广泛应用,使复杂性视网膜脱离的治疗方式不断改进,手术的成功率及视网膜回贴率得到较大提高。本研究玻璃体切除联合球内惰性气体填充者首次视网膜回贴率都在70%左右,而玻璃体切除联合硅油填充者首次术后视网膜回贴率达77%,所有患者最终视网膜回贴率93%,所以玻璃体切除联合球内惰性气体或硅油填充是治疗高度近视眼伴后巩膜葡萄肿黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离的有效方法。近年关于黄斑裂孔玻璃体切除联合剥离视网膜内界膜治疗方式的研究认为剥离视网膜内界膜有助于黄斑裂孔的封闭[611],本研究部分患者剥离内界膜,但视网膜回贴率没有明显差异。对于高度近视眼伴后巩膜葡萄肿黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离者,由于其眼轴较长,视网膜较薄,术中视网膜内界膜的剥离较为困难且剥离不全,因此对于此类患者不必强调视网膜内界膜的剥离。本研究组中,视网膜再次脱离的主要原因是黄斑裂孔的不封闭及前部增殖性玻璃体视网膜病变(proliferative vitreoretinopathy,PVR)的形成。黄斑裂孔不封闭多发生于眼轴较长(>29mm)的后巩膜葡萄肿患者,这与眼轴较长,视网膜薄,裂孔不易封闭有关,部分患者通过再次手术及硅油填充而使视网膜回贴,但仍有4例患者因黄斑裂孔不封闭而视网膜未回贴。前部PVR的形成多发生于年轻、无玻璃体后脱离患者,由于前部PVR的形成致视网膜漏斗状脱离,再次手术的难度较大,需行巩膜环扎联合硅油填充。 对于手术方式的选择,虽然玻璃体切除联合球内惰性气体或硅油填充是最有效的方法,但单纯球内注气、巩膜外垫压仍有40%左右的回贴率,因此对于部分仅黄斑区周围视网膜脱离、有玻璃体后脱离、经济条件有限的患者,仍可选择这两种手术方式或两者联合治疗。
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