Air Pollution Linked To Progressive Vision Loss That Could Become Permanent
空气污染与渐进性视力丧失有关，这种视力丧失可能成为永久性的
In a large observational study published in the British Journal of Ophthalmology, researchers have found a link between air pollution and an increased risk of developing age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a progressive condition that leads to severe visual impairments that could become irreversible.
在《英国眼科学杂志》发表的一项大型观察性研究中，研究人员发现空气污染与患老年性黄斑变性(AMD)风险增加之间存在联系。老年性黄斑变性是一种进行性疾病，会导致严重的视力损害，而且可能变得不可逆转。
There are known risk factors that contribute to the development of AMD such as old age, high blood pressure, and being overweight, as well as a genetically inheritable component that runs in families, however, the exact cause of AMD has not yet been fully explained. Much work has gone into understanding the genetic origins of AMD and whether stem cell and gene therapies might be able to reverse or prevent the process, but more needs to be done to understand the factors that put individuals at higher risk for developing the condition.
有一些已知的危险因素会导致AMD的发展，如老年，高血压，超重，以及家族遗传的组成部分，然而，AMD的确切原因还没有完全解释。在了解AMD的遗传起源以及干细胞和基因疗法是否能够逆转或阻止这一过程方面已经进行了大量的工作，但要了解使个体有更高风险患上这种疾病的因素，还需要做更多的工作。
Now air pollution, already a grave health concern in big cities around the world, has been linked to an 8 percent increased risk of developing AMD.
现在，在世界各地的大城市，空气污染已经是一个严重的健康问题，它与患AMD的风险增加8%有关。
Johannes Van Zijl
“Here we have identified yet another health risk posed by air pollution, strengthening the evidence that improving the air we breathe should be a key public health priority," said lead author Professor Paul Foster from University College London in a press release. "Our findings suggest that living in an area with polluted air, particularly fine particulate matter or combustion-related particles that come from road traffic, could contribute to eye disease."
伦敦大学学院首席作者保罗·福斯特教授在一份新闻稿中表示:“我们发现了空气污染带来的又一个健康风险，这进一步证明，改善我们呼吸的空气应该是公共健康优先考虑的关键问题。我们的研究结果表明，生活在空气污染地区，尤其是来自道路交通的细颗粒物或与燃烧相关的颗粒，可能会导致眼病。”
The authors of the study looked at data from 115.954 participants from the UK Biobank (UKBB) that were between the ages of 40 and 69 years old and had no visual impairments at the start of the study back in 2006.
这项研究的作者查看了来自英国生物样本库(UKBB)的115954名参与者的数据，他们的年龄在40岁到69岁之间，在2006年研究开始时没有视力障碍。
Over time, the participants had to self-report any formal diagnosis of AMD by a doctor. Using retinal imaging (non-invasive optical coherence tomography), the researchers assessed any structural changes (amount of light receptors and the thickness) of the retina, the part of the eye involved in AMD progression, in 52.602 people from the original total group that had complete data sets available in 2009 and 2012.
随着时间的推移，参与者必须自行报告医生对AMD的任何正式诊断。利用视网膜成像(非侵入性光学相干断层摄影术)，研究人员评估了52.602人视网膜的任何结构变化(光受体的数量和厚度)，视网膜是涉及AMD进展的眼部部分，这一组在2009年和2012年有完整的数据集。
Furthermore, using data collected from the Small Area Health Statistics Unit, part of the BioSHaRE-EU Environmental Determinants of Health Project, the researchers calculated the average annual air pollution at the participants' home addresses. Two key pollutants were looked at, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and nitrogen oxides (NOx), referred to as fine particulate matter (PM2.5).
此外，利用小区域健康统计单位(BioSHaRE-EU健康环境决定因素项目的一部分)收集的数据，研究人员计算了参与者家庭住址的年平均空气污染。研究人员考察了两种主要污染物，二氧化氮(NO2)和氮氧化物(NOx)，即细颗粒物(PM2.5)。
Out of the total number of study participants, 1.286 were diagnosed with AMD over time. Out of the 52.602 participants who had undergone the eye assessment during the study period, 75 percent that had a clinical diagnosis of AMD also had structural changes in the eye associated with AMD picked up by retinal imaging exams by the end of the study. Out of the participants that did not have a clinical diagnosis of AMD, 12 percent had structural changes associated with the condition.
在研究的总参与者中，随着时间的推移，1286人被诊断为AMD。52.602名在研究期间进行了眼部评估的参与者中，在研究结束时，75%的临床诊断为AMD的患者视网膜成像检查也发现了与AMD相关的眼睛结构变化。在没有临床诊断为AMD的参与者中，12%的人有与这种状况相关的结构变化。
Accounting for additional risk factors, such as lifestyle and comorbid conditions, the researchers found that the participants that had the highest fine particulate matter (PM2.5) at their home address had an 8 percent higher risk of AMD.
考虑到其他风险因素，如生活方式和共病条件，研究人员发现，在家庭住址中细颗粒物(PM2.5)含量最高的参与者患AMD的风险要高出8%。
"Higher exposure to air pollution was also associated with structural features of AMD. This may indicate that higher levels of air pollution may cause the cells to be more vulnerable to adverse changes and increase the risk of AMD.” said Dr Sharon Chua, first author of the study.
“暴露在空气污染中也与AMD的结构特征有关。这可能表明，较高水平的空气污染可能导致细胞更容易受到不利变化，并增加了AMD的风险。”研究第一作者蔡美儿博士说。
The researchers note this was an observational study, which doesn't seek a cause, and although their new findings are in line with other findings from around the world, more work needs to be done to understand the potential link between air pollution and AMD.
研究人员指出，这是一项观察性研究，并没有寻找原因，尽管他们的新发现与世界各地的其他发现一致，但需要做更多的工作来了解空气污染和AMD之间的潜在联系。
"Further studies examining both outdoor and indoor ambient air pollution estimates on AMD and outer retinal structures may help to substantiate our findings and understand the implications for retinal disease associated with aging. If our findings are replicated, this would support the view that air pollution is an important modifiable risk factor for AMD," they concluded.
“进一步研究室外和室内环境空气污染对AMD和外部视网膜结构的估计，可能有助于证实我们的发现，并理解与衰老有关的视网膜疾病的影响。如果我们的发现被复制，这将支持空气污染是AMD重要的可改变的风险因素的观点，”他们总结道。
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