【摘要】 目的:观察经长波紫外线UVA(365nm)激发处理,TiO2纳米薄膜对体外培养的牛晶状体上皮细胞和小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的抑制效应,研究该薄膜影响表面细胞生长的特性。方法:在玻片上涂覆TiO2纳米薄膜,并以未镀膜玻片为对照。将两种玻片在不同强度(0.102和0.825mW/cm2)的UVA下,照射0,10,20,30,40min,观察玻片表面的晶状体上皮细胞和巨噬细胞生长的数量和状态。实验用MTT比色法评估晶状体上皮细胞量,并以AOEB染色法观察其形态 ;用瑞氏染色后计数法测定巨噬细胞量,并以扫描电镜观察其形态。 结果:镀TiO2纳米薄膜玻片在0.102mW/cm2的UVA激发40min或0.825mW/cm2的UVA激发30min时,表面存活的细胞量比未镀膜玻片显著减少(P<0.01),且晶状体上皮细胞出现AOEB染色的凋亡和坏死特征,巨噬细胞出现质膜破裂、细胞崩解的扫描电镜表现。激发时间越长,TiO2纳米薄膜上的细胞量越少,且0.825mW/cm2的光源较0.102mW/cm2的光源更能激发TiO2的杀伤作用。结论: TiO2纳米薄膜在UVA的激发照射后,能使其表面的晶状体上皮细胞和巨噬细胞发生凋亡或坏死。与照射时间呈时效关系。
【关键词】 晶状体;上皮细胞;巨噬细胞;二氧化钛;表面修饰;生物相容性;光催化剂膜
TiO2nanometer thin film influence the growth of lens epithelium cells and macrophages in vitro
Fan Zheng, JingNing Weng
Foundation items:Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (No.C0510017); Fujian Province Union Breakthrough Foundation (No.WKJ20052003)
Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian Province, China
AbstractAIM: To observe the depressive effect of TiO2 nanometer thin film on lens epithelium cells (LEC) and macrophages (MΦ) in vitro when it is activated during UVA illumination, and to investigate its influence on surface cellular proliferation.
METHODS: TiO2 membrane was formed on glass substrate and studied with naked glass plate as control. TiO2 coated plate or naked plate were exposed to different magnitude of UVA (0.102mW/cm2 and 0.825mW/cm2) for sorts of period (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 minutes). During the exposure, number and viability of LECs and MΦs on the surface of plates were observed. The assay of MTT Colorimetric and Wrights staining were respectively used to estimated the number of LECs and MΦs, and Acridine Orange/Ethidium Bromide(AOEB) staining as well as scanning electron microscope(SEM) were separately applied to observe the morphology of LECs and MΦs.
RESULTS: The number of LEC and MΦ on TiO2 membrane was inferior to control group significantly (P<0.01), while it was exposed to UVA with light intensity of 0.102mW/cm2 for 40 minutes or 0.825mW/cm2 for 30 minutes. At the same time, LEC showed the characteristic of apoptosis and necrosis by AOEB staining, and MΦ displayed the sign of cellular membrane rupture and disintegration in SEM. However, most of the cells on the surface of naked glass plate behaved normally under UVA raying. The longer TiO2 thin film got irradiated, the fewer living cells on it were. And the lighthouse containing larger energy induced more predominance provocation to TiO2 membrane.
CONCLUSION: TiO2 nanometer thin films can produce the photocatalytic killing effect with UVA irradiation, and promote the apoptosis and necrosis of LEC and MΦon its surface. The photocatalytic killing effect of TiO2 nanometer thin films is based on UVA raying, and related to luminous intensity and exposure time. TiO2 nanometer thin films may inhibit the growth of LEC and MΦ on its surface with UVA excitation.
KEYWORDS: lens; epithelium cells; macrophage; titanium dioxide; surface modification; biocompatibility; photocatalyst film
Zheng F, Weng JN. TiO2 nanometer thin film influence the growth of lens epithelium cells and macrophages in vitro. Int J Ophthalmol
(Guoji Yanke Zazhi) 2008;8(11):21992202
目前已有多种表面修饰剂用于改善人工晶状体的生物相容性,但以光催化剂作为镀膜材料尚未有报道。二氧化钛(TiO2)是近几年来备受关注的光催化剂。锐钛矿晶形的TiO2薄膜在特定波长(<385nm)的光源激发下表现出催化氧化性和超亲水性[1,2]。同时,国内外学者还发现TiO2对多种肿瘤细胞均有明显的杀伤效应且无人体刺激性[35]。我们构想将TiO2纳米薄膜涂布于人工晶状体表面,以期减少人工晶状体植入后引起的细胞反应。作为前期的体外实验,我们主要通过观察TiO2纳米薄膜在光源照射条件下对晶状体上皮细胞和巨噬细胞黏附生长的影响来评估其表面性能,为将来TiO2纳米薄膜表面修饰人工晶状体的生物相容性研究提供依据和方向。
1材料和方法
1.1材料 DMEM(GiBco公司,美国);RPMI1640(Hyclone公司,美国);新生牛血清(PAA公司,澳大利亚);MTT(Amresco公司,美国);DMSO (Amresco公司,美国); AOEB试剂盒(keygen公司,中国);倒置相差显微镜(OLYMPUS CK40,日本);酶标仪(Stat Fax 2100,美国);ZSM5310LV扫描电镜(日电公司,日本);纳米TiO2薄膜由福州大学光催化研究所采用溶胶凝胶法制备,经XRD测量显示在玻片表面形成锐钛矿晶形的薄膜,粒径为4.5nm。
1.2方法 根据符小荣等[6]的实验,随着TiO2纳米薄膜与灯管之间的距离缩短,光源对薄膜的辐射光强度增加。因此,我们采取两种照射高度以调节激发光源的照射强度。当照射高度为5cm时,光强测量仪测定平均光照强度为0.825mW/cm2;而当照射高度为20cm时,光强测量仪测定平均光照强度为0.102mW/cm2。主波长均为365nm。以下对镀有TiO2纳米薄膜的玻片进行的实验项目均以未镀膜玻片为对照,镀膜和未镀膜玻片都各分为两组以距离20cm和5cm的光源照射,而每个照射强度组内再分别根据光源激发0,10,20,30,40min设立5个时间组。同样的实验重复4次,结果取平均值。分别在镀膜和未镀膜玻片的各照射强度组内,用单因素方差分析比较它们经不同时间激发后表面细胞量的变化趋势,同时分别以成组t检验比较同样的照射条件下镀膜和未镀膜玻片的表面细胞量的差别以及激发光源的强度对TiO2纳米薄膜抑制细胞生长作用的影响。
1.2.1晶状体上皮细胞的生长抑制实验 依照胡建石等[7]的方法行原代培养,按1∶2传代。实验选取2~3代晶状体上皮细胞。将0.5mL灭菌后的20g/L琼脂铺于24孔培养板中,将玻片的镀膜面向上固定于琼脂表面,每孔固定一枚1cm×1cm的玻片,使玻片表面略高于琼脂表面。取密度为1×108/L的晶状体上皮细胞悬液20μL接种于镀膜和未镀膜玻片表面,于37℃ 50mL/L CO2培养箱中沉降6h后,加入培养液继续培养。24h后分别将实验组和对照组玻片分为亚组,经过各种照射强度和照射时间的激发处理。完毕后,再培养3h进行下述观察。取等量AO和EB液混匀后,在各枚玻片表面滴AOEB液6μL。再用干净盖玻片覆盖其上,随后在荧光显微镜下观察细胞形态。MTT法测细胞的存活量[8]。
1.2.2巨噬细胞的生长抑制实验 取昆明种小白鼠,参考王桂琴等[9]的方法。同前将各组玻片固定后,分别取密度为1×108/L的巨噬细胞悬液20μL接种于各组的玻片表面,于37℃ 50mL/L CO2条件下沉降2h后,加入培养液。继续培养24h后分别将实验组和对照组玻片分为亚组,经过各种照射强度和照射时间的激发处理。照射完毕后,再培养3h后用PBS冲洗各培养孔2遍进行下述观察。戊二醛固定2h后,以10g/L锇酸固定30min。清洗后行乙醇梯度脱水。以临界点干燥法处理玻片后喷镀金膜、上样,扫描电镜观察各块玻片表面的巨噬细胞。行瑞氏染色后,在倒置相差显微镜下(200×), 计数视野内的细胞数目。
2结果
2.1细胞形态 AOEB荧光染色显示未经照射的镀膜和未镀膜玻片表面的晶状体上皮细胞核染色质呈密度均匀的绿色荧光,为正常细胞(图1A1、B1)。当镀膜玻片经激发光源照射30min后,表面大量上皮细胞的染色质浓缩,细胞核碎裂,被染成致密浓染的黄绿色荧光或可见胞质芽状突起,为凋亡细胞(图1A2);当照射时间达40min后,表面的上皮细胞几乎全部呈现坏死细胞的橘红色荧光(图1 A3);而未镀膜玻片经激发光源照射30min和40min时,表面仅极个别细胞呈现凋亡和坏死细胞的染色形态(图1 B2、B3)。扫描电镜显示镀膜玻片表面黏附的巨噬细胞为球形,表面凹凸不平,为未活化状态(图2A1)。经过照射40min后,镀膜玻片表面的细胞出现泡样小突起,部分细胞膜破裂,细胞崩解暴露出内容物(图2A2);而未镀膜玻片在激发40min后,表面巨噬细胞仅出现少量的泡样突起,仍呈长梭形,并有放射分布的丝状伪足(图2B2)。另外,经过照射40min后,未镀膜玻片表面仍可见蛋白膜,而镀膜玻片表面的膜状物仅剩残骸(图2A3、B3)。
2.2细胞存活量 镀TiO2纳米薄膜的玻片经距离20cm的光源激发达40min时,表面细胞量与对照玻片表面的细胞量有显著性差异(晶状体上皮细胞t40min=19.589 ,巨噬细胞t40min=3.912,P<0.01),而当镀膜玻片被距离5cm的光源激发超过30min时,表面的晶状体上皮细胞量就明显低于对照玻片表面的细胞水平(晶状体上皮细胞t30min=6.217,巨噬细胞t30min=5.619,P<0.01)。随着光源照射时间的延长,镀膜玻片表面细胞量逐渐减少,且5cm远的光源较20cm远的光源更能激发TiO2纳米薄膜对晶状体上皮细胞的生长抑制作用。另外,当用5cm远的光源照射未镀膜玻片时,其表面细胞量在不同的照射时间组有统计学差异(P<0.05),而以20cm远的光源照射未镀膜玻片时,其表面的存活细胞量在各时间组则不出现明显差别(P>0.05,表1)。
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