撰写大病例是实习医师与住院医师的日常工作,也是上级医师作进一步诊断治疗的原始依据,国外的英文大病例并无统一格式,但是基本内容大致相仿,本节介绍的许多医疗记录的词汇值得借鉴。
Details个人资料
Name: Joe Bloggs (姓名:乔。伯劳格斯)
Date: 1st January 2000(日期:2000年1月1日)
Time: 0720(时间:7时20分)
Place: A&E(地点:事故与急诊登记处)
Age: 47 years(年龄:47岁)
Sex: male(性别:男)
Occupation: HGV(heavy goods vehicle ) driver(职业:大型货运卡车司机)
PC(presenting complaint)(主诉)
4-hour crushing retrosternal chest pain(胸骨后压榨性疼痛4小时)
HPC(history of presenting complaint)(现病史)
Onset: 4 hours of “crushing tight” retrosternal chest pain, radiating to neck and both arms, gradual onset over 5-10 minutes.(起病特征:胸骨后压榨性疼痛4小时,向颈与双臂放射,5-10分钟内渐起病)
Duration: persistent since onset(间期:发病起持续至今)
Severe: “worst pain ever had”(严重性:“从未痛得如此厉害过)
Relieving/exacerbating factors缓解与恶化因素
GTN(glyceryl trinitrate) provided no relief although normally relieves pain in minutes, no other relieving/exacerbating factors.(硝酸甘油平时能在数分钟内缓解疼痛,但本次无效,无其它缓解和恶化因素。)
Associated symptoms 相关症状
Nausea, vomiting×2, sweating, dizzy(恶心、呕吐2次、出汗、眩晕)
1997:external chest tightness and dyspnea initially controlled atenolol.
1997年:出现胸外疼痛与呼吸困难,最终经服atenolol控制。
4/12 symptoms worse, exercise tolerance 200 yards on flat, limited by chest pain
4月12日,症状加重,受胸痛限制,仅耐受平地行走200码
No rest pain, no orthopnoea, no PND
无静息时疼痛,无端坐呼吸、无阵发性夜间呼吸困难
Risk factors危险因素
Hypertension-no高血压:无
Smoking-20 cigarettes per day for 16 years吸烟:16年来每天20支
Diabetes-no糖尿病:无
Cholesterol-never checked胆固醇:未查
Ischemic heart disease-angina, previous MI缺血性心脏病:心绞痛、有心肌梗死病史
PMH(past medical history)过去史
1963: appendectomy 1963年:阑尾切除手术
1972: duodenal ulcer, no symptoms since1972年:十二指肠溃疡,之后无症状
1986: myocardial infarction, full recovery / No subsequent investigation1986年:
心肌梗死,完全恢复,无随访
1989: gout quiescent on treatment1989年:痛风治疗期间症状静止
No diabetes, hypertension, rheumatic heart disease, tuberculosis, epilepsy, asthma, jaundice, cerebrovascular disease.无糖尿病、高血压、风湿性心脏病、结核病、癫痫、哮喘、黄疸、脑血管疾病 S/E(systems inquiry)系统回顾
General 一般情况
Fatigue lately, appetite unchanged, weight stable, no sweats or pruritus, sleeping well
最近有疲劳感,食欲无改变,体重稳定,无出汗或骚痒,睡眠佳。
RS呼吸系统
Dyspnea on exertion, particularly uphill, but not limiting; no cough sputum/wheeze
劳累时呼吸困难,上坡尤其如此,但无呼吸限制,无咳嗽咳痰、哮喘。
GIT gastrointestinal tract胃肠道
No current indigestion现无消化不良。
No symptoms lile previous duodenal ulcer过去无十二指肠溃疡症状。
No vomiting/dysphagia/abdominal pain无呕吐、吞咽困难、腹部疼痛。
GUS genitourinary system生殖泌尿道
No urinary systems无泌尿道症状。
NS神经系统
No headache/syncope无头痛、晕厥。
No dizziness/limb weakness/sensory loss无眩晕、肢体麻木、感觉丧失。
No disturberd bision/hearing/smell/speech无视觉、听力、味觉、嗅觉、语言障碍。
MS运动系统
No painful gout for 5 years无痛性痛风5年。
No joint pain/stiffness/swelling无关节痛、僵硬、肿胀。
No disability无伤残。
Skin皮肤
No rash/pruritus/bruising无皮疹、瘙痒、青肿。
Drug history药物史
Atenolol 100 mg once daily(Atenolol 100mg每天1次)
GTN as required需要服用硝酸甘油。
Not taking aspirin无服用过阿斯匹林。
Allergies: penicillin-skin rash过敏反应:青霉素――皮疹。
FH(family history)家族史
Father died of “heart attack” at age 53.
父亲53岁死于“心脏病”。
Mother died of old age at 76.
母亲于76岁去世。
SH(social history)社会史
Lives with wife who fit and well.妻子健在,与其共同生活。
Own house私宅。
Completely independent生活全部自理。
Smoking 20 cigs/day for many years多年每天抽烟20支。
Alcohol: 24 units per week饮酒:每周24个单位。
Sexual history: not appropriate性生活:未评价。
Overseas travel: not appropriate海外旅游:未评价。
Pets: not appropriate宠物:未评价。
Occupation: heavy goods vehicle driver职业:大型货车卡车司机。
O/E(on examination)体检结果
General 一般情况
Unwell, sweaty, clammy, no cyanosis/jaundice
一般情况不佳,出汗、皮肤湿冷,无青紫、黄疸。
temperature: 37.5℃
体温37.5℃。
cigarette-stained fingers
烟熏手指。
no arcus / xanthomas / xanthelasma
无老人弓环、黄瘤、黄斑瘤。
CVS心血管系统
Pluse 104 bpm regular, normal character
脉搏每分钟104次,规则,心音正常。
BP110/70 mmHg (right), 112/74 mmHg (left)
血压110/70 mmHg右,112/74 mmHg左。
JVP(jugular venous pulse) normal
颈静脉博动正常。
No precordial scars /chest deformities
无心前区疤痕、胸廓畸形。
Apex beat displaced to anterior axillary’s line 6th intercostals space
心尖博动向腋前线第6肋间移位。
No parasternal heave /thrills
无胸骨旁隆起、震颤。
Auscultation: heart sounds normal, but soft pan systolic murmur at apex radiating to axilla
听诊:心音正常,但心尖问及收缩前柔和杂音,向腋窝放射。
PSM at apex and ejection systolic murmur in aortic area with no radiation
心尖问及收缩前柔和杂音,以及主动脉区喷射性收缩期杂音,无放射。
ESM in aortic area
收缩期射血杂音。
Peripheral pulses: absent right popliteal to dorsails pedis
周围脉搏:右腘窝至足背动脉博动阙如。
No sacral or ankle edema
无骶部与踝部水肿。
R S呼吸系统
Trachea central 气管居中。
Respiratory rate15/ min, no respiratory distress呼吸频率15次/分,无呼吸窘迫。
Expansion symmetrical and normal胸廓扩张对称正常。
Vocal fremitus normal 语音震颤正常。
Percussion note normal叩击音正常。
Breath sounds vesicular throughout, no added sounds全肺闻及水泡音,无额外音。
Abdomen腹部
No scars/ veins distension无疤痕、静脉怒张。
Palpation: soft, but tender LIF(left iliac fossa)扪诊:腹部柔软,但有触痛(左髂前窝)。
Percussion note normal叩击音正常。
Auscultation: bowel sounds normal听诊:肠鸣音正常。
Genitalia not examined生殖器未检查。
Rectal examination: not performed肛门检查:未检查。 NS神经系统
Higher function normal高级神经功能正常。
Cranial nerves颅神经
ⅰ: normal第一对颅神经:正常。
ⅱ:PERRLA(pupils equal in reaction to light and accomodation)/ normal fundi and visual fields 第二对颅神经:瞳孔对光调节反应等大,正常眼底与视野。
ⅲ,ⅳ,Ⅵ: no diplopia / nystagmus第三、四、九颅神经:无复视和眼球震颤。
ⅴ-Ⅻ: normal第五至十二对颅神经正常。
upper and lower limbs: power, tone, coordination, sensation all normal
上下肢:肌力、肌张力、协调、感觉正常
Joints and skin: Normal关节与皮肤:正常。
Summary 47-year-old male smoker with a family history and previous history of ischaemic heart disease, presents with s 4-month history of increasing exertional chest pain and a 4-hour history of persistent, severe pain at rest, which is unrelieved by GTN and associated with nausea, vomiting, and sweating. On examination, he has a resting tachycardia and evidence of left ventricular dilatation with a displaced apex beat and possible secondary mitral regurgitation. The most likely diagnosis is acute myocardial infarction.
47岁男性,有吸烟史与缺血性心脏病的家族史与过去病史,近4个月胸骨后压痛渐重,今静息时出现持续严重疼痛4小时,硝酸甘油未能缓解,并伴有恶心、呕吐与大汗。体检发现有静息时心动过速与左心室扩大依据,心尖搏动偏移,可能有二尖瓣返流。可能性最大的诊断是急性心肌梗死。 Problem list问题总结 1. chest pain-myocardial infarction?胸痛是否由心肌梗死引起?
2. known ischaemic heart disease- myocardial infarction, post-infarct angina已知缺血性心脏病是否引起心肌梗死、梗死后心绞痛? 3. Clinical left ventricular enlargement with secondary mitral regurgitation?
临床上有否左心室扩大伴二尖瓣返流?
4. Previous duodenal ulcer but quiescent for years-no contraindications to thrombolysis?
十二指肠溃疡但静息多年,对溶栓疗法是否有禁忌症?
5. Gout – can be precipitated by diuretics prescribed for cardiac failure
痛风――治疗心衰的速尿可促发痛风
6. HGV driver – should he still be driving?
是否适合继续从事重型货车司机驾驶职业?
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