摘要 目的 探讨羟基磷灰石在眼部整形中的作用。方法 用国产及进口内联多孔羟基磷灰石包埋入眼眶塌陷处、自体或异体巩膜壳内,置入眼肌锥内。Ⅱ期手术时需将眼外肌缝于相应的异体巩膜壳上,制成可转动的义眼座。保留原眼球外形及眼外肌的生理功能,术后安装义眼片。结果 患者外形矫正满意,义眼活动自如,改善了眼部外观。随访2~15mo,未见严重并发症、后遗症,术后效果良好。结论 羟基磷灰石是目前眼部整形术中首选、效果最好的材料之一。
Application of internal linking porous hydroxyapatite in eye plastic surgery
WANG Wei,WANG Guo-Jun
From the Department of Ophthalmology,460th Hospital of the People's Liberation Army of China,Zhengzhou 450052,China
Abstract Objective To research the role of hydroxyapatite in ocular plastic surgery.Methods Internal linking porous hydroxyapatite was wrapped up in the place of orbital collapse,autogenous or heterogenous scleral shell and implanted in oculus musculi cone.Extraocular muscles were sutured on homologus heterogenous scleral shell as a motiliting integrated pseudoophthalmic implant during the second operation.Outer structure and the physical function of the extraocular muscles were retained in the operation.Pseudoophthalmic was installed after the operation.Results The patients with ocular deformities were corrected very well and the pseudoophthalmic mobility and the cosmetic appearance were excellent.In the follow-up of 2~15 months postoperatively,no complication or sequel occured.The effect of the operation was good.Conclusion At present,internal linking porous hydroxyapatite is one of the best materials in occular plastic surgery.
Key words pseudo-ophthalmic;orbit;oculo-plasty;hydroxyapatite
[Rec Adv Ophthalmol 1999;19(1)∶44-46]
由于羟基磷灰石(hydroxyapatite,HA)所具有的理化特性[1],近年已被广泛应用于口腔颌面外科、骨科及整形外科等领域。我们于1994年10月至1996年4月用国产或进口内联多孔HA行眶缘塌陷、眼球缺如等眼部整形术63例,现报告如下。
1 对象与方法
1.1 一般资料 本组病例共63例(63只眼),男46例,女17例。右眼25例,左眼38例。年龄4~63a,平均42a。患眼视力0.01者6例,光感19例,无光感38例。角膜葡萄肿6例,眼球穿通伤28例,眼球缺如17例,视网膜母细胞瘤3例,先天性青光眼2例,眶内肿瘤1例,先天性小眼球2例,眶缘塌陷2例,眶下壁爆裂性骨折2例。Ⅰ期植入HA者42例,Ⅱ期植入HA者21例。装国产HA者34例,美国进口HA者29例。本组随访时间2~15mo。
1.2 材料 国产材料用北京瑞德桑义眼座,进口用美国Integrated Orbital Implants,Inc.生产的珊瑚状HA,该材料呈多孔球形,孔径为200~500μm,球体孔率40%~60%,孔通率达100%,直径16~22mm,重量2~5g。所有HA材料均经高压蒸气消毒。8a以下儿童多用直径16~18mm,8a以上用直径19~22mm HA。
1.3 手术方法 儿童患者多用全麻,成人局麻。有眼球者用Ⅰ期植入,摘除眼球者用Ⅱ期植入。
1.3.1 Ⅰ期植入 沿角膜缘环形剪开球结膜,自结膜下分离,暴露前部巩膜。充分止血剪除角膜,取出眼球内容物,彻底清除色素膜,并以50g·L-1碘酊烧灼巩膜内壁。自颞上至鼻下象限斜行剪开巩膜全层,使巩膜分成两半。将HA义眼座植入肌锥内后将两半巩膜复位对合缝上,拉拢Tenon囊和结膜,分层间断缝合。结膜囊放义眼片,涂眼膏,加压包扎。
1.3.2 Ⅱ期植入 患眼表麻,用庆大霉素液冲洗,消毒、铺巾。表麻后用3mL利多卡因,1mL布匹卡因及1g·L-1肾上腺素0.2mL混合液结膜下浸润麻醉。沿结膜囊中央水平剪开球结膜向上、下穹窿分离结膜,用5-0黑丝线沿切开结膜边缘做标志缝线。剪开浅层筋膜,向两侧分离。令眼球上下左右转动,分别找出残留的4条直肌做预置缝线。混合麻药4mL分别做球后及眼眶四周深部浸润麻醉。沿鼻上颞下及鼻下颞上呈十字形切开深部筋膜,注意保护好4条直肌预置缝线。用弯钳向深部钝性分离。将消毒后的一次性输液器滴管部剪成两串,推入切开的眼窝中央深部。将消毒好的内联多孔HA义眼座放在两块塑料串之间,向下推压的同时,向上提拉出塑料串,使HA顺利放入肌锥内。在HA义眼座前放置已预备好的同种异体巩膜片,一般约半个眼球大小。将4条直肌的预置缝线分别固定在相应处的巩膜片上。分层缝合Tenon囊和结膜。结膜囊内放入PMMA制做的义眼片。涂抗生素眼膏,绷带加压包扎。
2 结果
2例眶缘塌陷用块状HA修复,2例眶下壁爆裂性骨折用片状HA修复。术后外形满意,缺损修复完好,复视消失,眼位正。59例HA义眼座植入者外形矫正效果良好,义眼转动幅度在10°~25°,患者均感满意。有1例Ⅱ期植入国产HA义眼座者术后3mo结膜裂开,植入物暴露约3mm大小,经局麻清洗消毒后,再次将HA义眼座植入巩膜壳后修复。其中3例结膜变薄但植入物未暴露。因严格无菌操作,所有病人均无感染,未见血肿、异常分泌物、毒性反应及HA体排出现象。眼球缺如用异体巩膜包裹HA体者结膜切口愈合较慢,用自体巩膜包裹者切口愈合较好。眼外肌正常者植入物活动均良好。
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