【摘要】 目的 探讨一种可调控自封闭巩膜切口排视网膜下液的可行性及手术效果。方法 在一组连续78例(79眼)简单裂孔性视网膜脱离外路显微手术中,用11号尖刀片,在要排液的部位以45°角倾斜、放射状刺入巩膜约1~2mm,形成一种用刀片压住巩膜切口下唇,视网膜下液即流出,不压下唇即封闭的巩膜切口。显微镜下观察排液孔内外口的情况。术后详细观察手术效果。结果 成功排出视网膜下液77眼(97.5%),其中一次性排液成功73眼(92.4%),2眼调整位置后排液成功,2眼由于眼压较低需借助皮下注射针头穿刺脉络膜排液成功。未能排除视网膜下液2眼。排液并发症有视网膜嵌顿3眼,视网膜穿孔1眼,视网膜下少量出血11眼。这些并发症经及时处理均未出现严重后遗症。一次手术成功率92.4%(73眼)。再次手术后视网膜复位4眼。最终成功率为97.5%(77眼)。术后视力:≤0.1者26眼,0.2~0.4者29眼,0.5~0.9者14眼,≥1.0者10眼,视力较术前显著提高(P<0.01)。结论 可调控自封闭巩膜切口排视网膜下液的技术具有简单、快速、安全和有效的优点。
【关键词】 视网膜脱离;显微手术;排视网膜下液
A controllable self-sealing sclerotomy for drainage of subretinal fluid LIU Wen,WANG Dan-dan,HUANG Su-ying. Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center,Sun Yat-sen University,Guangzhou 510060,China 【Abstract】 Objective To evaluate the feasibility and surgical effects of a controllable self-sealing sclerotomy for drainage of subretinal fluid(SRF).Methods 79 eyes of seventy-eight consecutive patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment(RD) underwent scleral buckle and external drainage of SRF with a sharp knife under the microscope.The SRF was drainaged by a technique whereby a radial scleral penetrating of 1~2mm deep was made with a sharp knife in 45 oblique angle.Thus,the outflow of SRF can be controlled.The SRF was discharged as the inferior valve of the sclerotomy was been pressing and the drainage was stopped as the pressing was relieved.The internal incisions of the drainage were examined under the microscope with the scleral indentation.The drainage effects and microsurgical reattachment rate were observed.Results The SRF was drained successfully in 77 eyes,among them,initial successful drainage was obtained in 73 eyes and the second was got in 2 eyes after changing the site of drainage.Due to lower intraocular pressure,a subdermic need was used to penetrate the choroid in remaind two eyes.The SRF was unable to be expelled in 2 eyes.The complications of drainage included retinal incaceration in 3 eyes,retinal perforation in one eye and minimum hemorrhage beneath the retina in 11 eyes.These complications were all treated in time to avoid serious sequelaes.One operation was done in 73 eyes and once more operations were needed in 6 eyes,but two patients refused resurgery for RD.SRF absorbed completely and the retinal got reattachment in 77 eyes at last.The postoperative visual acuity was level ≤0.1 in 26 eyes,0.2~0.4 in 29 eyes,0.5~0.9 in 14 eyes and ≥1.0 in 10 eyes.Conclusion The controllable self-sealing sclerotomy for drainage of subretinal fluid is a simple,quick,safe,and effective method. 【Key words】 retinal detachment; microsurgery; drainage of subretinal fluid
视网膜脱离外路手术中,排出视网膜下液(drainage of subretinal fluid,DSF)有利于封闭视网膜裂孔和促进视网膜复位,许多眼科医师在术中都选择了DSF步骤[1~6]。然而,DSF是视网膜脱离外路手术中最危险的一步,可引起视网膜嵌顿和视网膜穿孔、视网膜下出血和脉络膜上腔出血[1~3]。在我们多年的临床研究中,逐步发展了一种在显微镜直视下DSF的可调控自封闭巩膜切口技术,现将资料报告如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料 2002年12月~2003年8月,我科共做了连续78例(79眼)显微镜下DSF的视网膜脱离手术。其中男60例,女18例,平均年龄40.4岁(12~75岁)。裂孔大小在1/7~7DD(disk diameter)之间,平均为1.6DD。视网膜脱离范围在2.5~12个钟点,平均为7个钟点。其中浅脱离26眼。PVR (proliferative vitreorentinopathy)分级[7]:A级7眼,B级63眼,C1级8眼,C2级1眼。有视网膜下增生12眼(15.2%)。术前眼压在4.3~22.3mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa)之间,平均12.3mmHg。12眼有既往手术史。患眼视力在LP≤0.1共57眼(72.2%),0.2~0.4共13眼(16.5%),0.5~0.9共4眼(5.1%),≥1.0共5眼(6.3%)。
1.2 手术方法 在显微镜下完成所有操作。剪开球结膜,锐性分离直肌间筋膜,助手用斜视钩和深部拉钩帮助暴露巩膜,预置硅胶填压块缝线和环扎带。选择视网膜隆起最高处附近的一条直肌下(眼球的3点、6点、9点或12点,但在3点和9点排液位置稍偏上或下一些,以避开睫状后长动脉),距角膜缘的位置一般与视网膜裂孔位置平行(锯齿缘裂孔除外),但应避开视网膜裂孔。用11号尖刀片(上海浦东金环医疗用品有限公司,YY/TO174-1994),在要行DSF的部位以与巩膜成45°的倾斜、放射状方向刺入巩膜约1~2mm,慢慢退出刀片即见视网膜下液流出。如无视网膜下液流出,可再进入少许,慢慢退刀并轻压切口下唇,直到见到视网膜下液流出为止。用刀片压住切口下唇使视网膜下液持续缓慢地流出,另只手轻压周围巩膜,帮助排液。有色素颗粒从DSF孔流出时停止加压,以免引起视网膜嵌顿或裂孔。停止按压切口下唇时,DSF孔立即封闭,无液体流出,不需缝合。如果不能自行闭合,用5-0丝线缝合巩膜板层1针。DSF孔不做常规冷凝。接着给予视网膜冷凝,巩膜硅胶填压,核对裂孔位置及注气[8]。
1.3 随诊 术后定期复诊,重复术前检查,详细记录检查结果。
2 结果
2.1 术中情况 1次DSF成功73眼(92.4%)。第1次切口DSF不畅,换位和后移切口后成功各1眼。切不透脉络膜,借助皮下注射针头(一次性4号针头)穿刺脉络膜DSF 2眼,均为术中眼压过低 。不成功的2眼中,1例为白内障手术伤口漏水致眼压偏低,刀片多次进入均穿刺不成功;另1例由于视网膜嵌顿于穿刺口排液不成功,这2例视网膜下液在术后均自行吸收。DSF位置:3点9眼(11.4%)、6点29眼(36.7%),9点13眼(16.5%),12点28眼(35.4%)(12点和6点各有一次附加DSF未计入),离角膜缘距离平均13.5 mm(8~16mm)。DSF外口平均长1.34 mm(0.75~2mm)。DSF孔内口可见白色细线状23眼(29.1%),不可见 45眼(57.0%)。巩膜DSF口不能自行闭合而缝1针4眼。
2.2 术中和术后并发症 外DSF引起视网膜下出血11眼均于术后2周内完全吸收,未见视网膜下增生。内口处视网膜嵌顿3眼(3.8%),其DSF位置分别位于角膜缘后8mm、14.5mm和10mm。DSF口不能自行闭合引起医源性视网膜穿孔1眼。这4眼经冷凝和硅压后没有后遗症。术后早期(1~2天)出现脉络膜脱离5眼(6.3%),其中有眼内手术史3眼。经大剂量肾上腺皮质激素治疗,治愈4眼,裂孔未闭失败1眼。
2.3 手术疗效 79眼中67眼(84.8%)于术后第1天视网膜下液完全吸收。12眼(15.2%)视网膜下液残留,与裂孔无关4眼,出现新裂孔2眼,裂孔闭合不良漏水6眼。其中8眼在10天内完全吸收,另4眼需要再次手术,术后视网膜均复位。追踪观察2~9个月(平均4.5个月)。一次手术成功率92.4%(73眼),手术总成功率为97.5%(77眼)。失败2眼,1例为IOL眼;另1例PPV术后原视网膜裂孔裂开,外路手术后继发脉络膜脱离,视网膜裂孔未闭,该2例患者均拒绝再次手术。术后视力:≤0.1共26眼(32.9%),0.2~0.4共29眼(36.7%),0.5~0.9共14眼(17.7%),≥1.0共10眼(12.7%)。与术前相比,差异有极显著性(χ2=24.896,P<0.01)。
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