眼科研究 2000年第3期第18卷 实验研究
作者:景筠 Nina Irwin Larry I.Benowitz
单位:景筠(北京同仁医院);Nina Irwin Larry I.Benowitz(美国麻省波士顿02115,哈佛医学院儿童医院神经科学中心神经外科实验室)
关键词:嘌呤;神经营养因子;轴突再生;视网膜
摘要 目的 探讨肌苷对中枢神经再生的影响。方法 分离并制作均匀的视网膜神经节细胞(RGC)悬液,采用24孔培养皿培养,观察嘌呤类物质对RGC轴突生长及细胞存活的影响。结果 (1)肌苷促使RGC轴突生长;腺苷只有水解脱氨生成肌苷才能促使轴突生长。(2)肌苷与6-硫鸟嘌呤(6-TG)可能竞争性作用于蛋白激酶N(PKN)调节轴突生长。(3)肌苷刺激RGC致GAP-43表达增强。(4)肌苷的细胞内信息传递通路可能通过有丝分裂原激活蛋白激酶(MAPK)、磷脂酰肌醇激酶(PI3K)两条途径起作用。结论 肌苷在RGC神经再生中起积极的调节作用。
分类号 R774
Inosine regulates axon regeneration in retinal ganglion cells
Jing Yun,Nina Irwin,Larry I.Benowitz
(Ender’s Research Lab.312 Laboratory for Neurosicence Research in Neurosurg,Children’s hospital,Harvard Medical school,Boston,MAO 2115,USA C Jing Yun,Presently in Beijing Tong Ren Hospital,Beijing 100730)
Abstract Objective To investigate the involvement of purine in the development and regeneration of neurons.Methods Goldfish were dark-adapted,and their retinas were dissected.Retinas were dissociated by gentle trituration.Repeated cycles of trituration and sedimentation yielded cultures nearly homogeneous in ganglion cells.Low-density cells in 24-well culture dishes were maintained in a serum free.Axonal outgrowth and survival of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) in response to purine were evaluated.Results (1) Inosine stimulated axon outgrowth from RGC.Adenosine must be hydrolyzed to inosine via adenosine deaminase to stimulate RGC outgrowth.In the presence of aenosine deaminase inhibitor (deoxycoformycin),adenosine not only failed to stimulate growth,but also cause (RGC) to die.(2) 6-Thioguanine 10μmol/L completely arrested axon outgrowth stimulated by AF-1 though not affecting cell survival.Inosine 100μmol/L reversed the inhibitory effects of 6-thioguanine on AF-1 cometitively and may stimulate growth by direct activation of protein kinase-N.(3) Inosine increased expression of GAP-43 in RGC.(4)In signaling transduction studying,PD 98059 and LY 294002,specific inhibitors to MAPKK and PI3K respectively,either alone blocked 50% of growth by inosine,blocked 100% growth by inosine if combined together.Inosine may therefore stimulate growth via MEK-1/2 and PI3K pathways.Conclusion Inosine plays an important role in the development and regeneration of RGC.It suggests the possibility of a clinically therapeutic opportunity to be explored further in central nervous system neuron diseases.
Key words purine neurotrophic factor axogenesis retina
神经系统退行性疾病、脊髓损伤是困扰人类的神经系统常见病,均导致永久性神经功能缺失。对此,医学界一直缺乏有效的治疗手段。Benowitz实验室以视网膜神经节细胞(retinal ganglion cells,RGC)再生作为研究中枢神经系统(central nervous system,CNS)神经元再生的模型,在发现视神经胶质细胞分泌的轴突生长因子(axogenesis factor,AF-1,AF-2/3)促进RGC轴突再生[1,2]的同时,也对嘌呤、嘧啶类物质在调节CNS神经元轴突生长过程中的作用进行了系统的研究,本文就肌苷(inosine)在调节RGC轴突生长方面的突出作用及其细胞内调节机制进行探讨。
1 材料与方法
1.1 视网膜神经节细胞培养 金鱼(Comet Variety,Mt.Parnell Fisheries,Mt.Parnell,PA)6~10cm长,避光30min,冰冻麻醉,分离视网膜。视网膜在含木瓜蛋白酶、半胱氨酸的消化液中消化45min,在L-15培养液中研磨3遍,上层2/5悬液为纯化RGC匀浆。用经聚赖氨酸涂层的24孔培养皿,细胞密度为每孔5×1000,培养液含胰岛素、牛血清白蛋白、庆大霉素、过氧化氢酶、转铁蛋白、超氧岐化酶、氢化可的松等,在21℃培养箱中培养5天。
1.2 GAP-43免疫染色 用新鲜4%福尔马林液固定细胞,100%甲醇去脂,第一抗体系兔IgG结合金鱼GAP-43,第二抗体系选用羊抗兔IgG抗体,在荧光显微镜下计数染色细胞。
1.3 试剂 AF-1由本实验室制备,终浓度20%~35%。肌苷、腺苷(adenosine)、次黄嘌呤(hypoxanthine)、5’-一磷酸肌苷(5’-inosine monophosphate,5’-IMP)、腺苷脱氨酶(adenosine deaminase,ADA)、6-硫鸟嘌呤(6-thioguanine,6-TG)、LY294002由Sigma公司提供。L-15培养液由Gibco BRL公司提供。2-Deoxycoformycin(DCF),PD98059来自Calbiochem公司。
1.4 设计与检验 每组试验均以AF-1为阳性对照,以L-15培养液为阴性对照,每个样本均分4份,样本与对照按随机化原则分布在24孔培养皿中,密码封存。5天后在400倍显微镜下,每孔计数不少于150个细胞,计数其中轴突长于5个细胞体直径的RGC数,以此计算平均生长率;计数所用视野数,以此计算平均存活率。应用Cricket Graph软件(CA Associates,Islandia,NY)计算生长率、标准误,然后对数据进行标准化处理。标准化平均生长率=(样本平均生长率-阴性对照平均生长率)/(阳性对照平均生长率-阴性对照平均生长率);标准化标准误=样本标准误/(阳性对照平均生长率-阴性对照平均生长率);平均存活率=细胞总数/视野数。以Cricket Graph软件作条图。采用配对计量资料t检验法。大多数实验均多次重复。
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