3 讨论
自从20世纪40年代发现了NGF以来,又发现了一系列作用于中枢及外周神经系统的神经营养因子,如NGF家族成员BDNF,NT3,NT-4/5,与NGF无同源性的神经营养因子如CNTF等,确认神经营养因子可用于CNS退行性疾病等的治疗。
我们在对AF-1,AF-2/3分离提纯及信息传递通路研究的同时,发现嘌呤,特别是肌苷对RGC轴突生长起积极调节作用,腺苷只有通过水解脱氨生成肌苷才能刺激轴突生长,否则若抑制腺苷脱氨酶活性,腺苷不仅抑制轴突生长,还加速细胞死亡。据Huan等报道,腺苷通过水解脱氨成肌苷对星形细胞起保护作用[3]。Wakada等报道,腺苷抑制鸡胚胎交感神经元生长,并致使NGF支持的80%交感神经元死亡,腺苷脱氨酶抑制剂强化腺苷的上述神经毒性作用,肌苷则无此毒性作用[4],从另一个侧面印证我们的发现,腺苷若不能水解脱氨,不仅抑制神经元轴突生长,还加速细胞死亡。
6-TG属嘌呤类物质,Greene及其同事们发现6-TG通过选择性抑制蛋白激酶N(protein kinase N,PKN),阻断NGF通过激活PKN进而诱导神经元生长,但不影响细胞存活率[5,6]。我们的结果显示,肌苷与6-TG之间有浓度依赖关系,10μmol/L6-TG能完全阻断AF-1的生物学活性,阻断25μmol/L肌苷刺激轴突生长作用的50%,对100μmol/L肌苷无作用,而100μmol/L肌苷能完全扭转6-TG对AF-1的抑制,使其活性恢复至原有高度,且超过100μmol/L肌苷本身的活性,提示肌苷可能与6-TG竞争PKN而对神经元起调节作用。
虽然至今对神经营养因子的研究已趋深入,但对其细胞内信息传递机制还不十分清楚。已知MAPK,PI3K是信息传递通路中的两个关键酶,PD,LY分别是它们的抑制剂[7,8]。它们分别使用,各抑制100μmol/L肌苷活性50%,结合使用,则阻断作用达100%,对细胞存活无影响。提示肌苷在通过PKN后,还有可能通过MAPK,PI13K两途径。
GAP-43是与神经生长与可塑性有关的重要膜磷脂蛋白[9],在低等脊椎动物及哺乳动物,神经生长期间伴随GAP-43表达增强[10],肌苷可刺激GAP-43表达增强,提示肌苷有刺激轴突再生的作用。肌苷是否具有促进CNS神经再生的临床使用价值,有待进一步探索。
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