3飞秒激光与穿透性角膜移植术
尽管许多新式内皮移植术如PLK等在某些方面有着巨大优势和良好的发展前景,但是针对于全层角膜病变的患者,PKP的地位是仍然无法替代的。如果就传统PKP进行改进,能减少其并发症的话,则一定大有益于患者。Barraquer[11]早在40年前就曾提出“阶梯式”的PKP方式,直到最近,Busin[12]将其命名为“高帽式”PKP手术(图1)。其前部角膜切削直径为7mm,后部直径为9mm。这种设计方式使得供受体界面间的接触面积大大增加,有利于切口的愈合,被移植的内皮的面积也相对增加,又使前板层角膜与角膜缘保持了一定的距离,理论上降低了移植排斥反应的风险。飞秒激光使这一构想成为现实。飞秒激光不仅可以精确地聚焦到角膜的任何层面轻易制作穿透性的全层切口[13],更重要的是,它能精准的控制各个切削点,使各点准确地对接为一个复合的几何面,形成整体化切削,而这一点是其它任何技术也无法比拟的。Steinert等[14]将人眼角巩膜片进行实验,对照组采用传统的PKP,实验组采用飞秒激光辅助的“高帽式”PKP,两组比较角膜的散光度,结果显示两组耐渗漏压比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.019),散光程度相比无明显差异。因此证明飞秒激光辅助的“高帽式”PKP的可行性,且其切口严密性方面优于传统PKP。Buratto等[15]利用飞秒激光针对7位不同性质角膜病变的患者分别采取“高帽式”和“蘑菇式”两种术式。结果显示,术后3mo,所有术眼植片均清晰透明,且内皮细胞密度稳定,前房清,角膜厚度均恢复到正常范围,5位患者拆除缝线。但是作者在文中混淆了“高帽式”和“蘑菇式”两种术式的名称,这在Parthasarathy等[16]的文章中指出了这一点,并明确“高帽式”手术主要针对于内皮病变的角膜,以增大移植的内皮的面积;而“蘑菇式”则切口方向刚好与前者相反(图2)。该术式主要针对于旨在置换前部基质而较少干扰内皮的病变如圆锥角膜。
4飞秒激光角膜移植术的展望
飞秒激光技术的发展为角膜移植术式的改进提供了一个新的思路,但还有许多问题例如激光的传输,定位,移动等的一些关键参数有待进一步的研究和探索。飞秒激光技术必将在未来角膜移植领域发挥不可替代的作用。
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