4 影响纤维连接蛋白调节的因素
许多青光眼学者研究发现转化生长因子β(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)家族与FN表达有关。TGF-β家族由至少6种相对分子质量约25000的多功能多肽组成,通过旁分泌方式与小梁网细胞膜上TGF-β受体结合,促进FN、LN等ECM的合成并调节胶原纤维(collagen fibers)、糖蛋白(glucoprotein)、弹力素(dextran sulfate sodium)及糖胺多糖(glycosaminoglycan)等ECM的代谢。许多研究表明,TGF-β在眼中的作用是可以促进伤口愈合,诱导成纤维细胞、单核细胞趋化,上调培养的成纤维细胞和上皮细胞分泌FN、胶原和氨基多糖,抑制蛋白酶合成,增加蛋白酶抑制剂在ECM 中的沉淀。此外,TGF-β还可增加整合素α5、αv、β1、β3和共结合蛋白聚糖1的表达[17]。TGF-β可使体外培养的小梁网细胞tTG表达增高,从而导致细胞中不溶性单体和多聚体FN的合成增加。TGF-β1可调节FN mRNA的剪切,改变分子结构,增强对蛋白溶解酶的抵抗力,减少FN的降解。同时,TGF-β1可下调基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinases,MMPs)的表达,促进基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂(tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase,TIMP)的表达,从而抑制ECM的降解,同时在转录水平上调ECM的表达[18]。Pang等[19]研究表明,控制小梁网细胞产生MMPs可降低眼内压。许多研究证实TGF-β2在人眼小梁网组织中ECM的分化、合成、分泌中起重要作用。Wordinqer等[20]研究表明,增加TGF-β2的含量会刺激小梁网ECM的沉积,提高眼内压。Welge-Lüssen等[21]研究发现,TGF-β2可以增加FN自身连接和ECM中tTG的作用。这种作用可以增加FN在ECM中的沉积和储存,tTG促进不溶性单体FN、胶原蛋白等小梁网ECM的合成及相互作用交联形成多聚体,进而阻碍蛋白酶水解,促使FN在小梁网的过度沉积,使房水外流阻力增加。tTG和FN的合成物可放大RHoGTP酶的作用,促进流出装置的还原[22]。RHoGTP酶和Rho激酶可增加小梁网组织的血流量,保护视网膜神经节细胞,促进神经轴突再生[23]。在正常人和青光眼患者的小梁网细胞加入TGF-β2,24 h后ELISA实验显示两者的FN表达水平均有提高,提示TGF-β2可能对FN的分泌有促进作用[20]。
综上所述,FN是一种具有多种生物学效应的蛋白分子,它可以通过与整合素家族、共结合蛋白聚糖、TGF-β等相互作用来改变小梁网ECM的状态,从而影响小梁细胞的形态、极性、分化、基因表达和代谢状况,最终影响房水循环系统外流阻力,可能在POAG的发生中起重要作用。同时,异常沉积的FN还能堵塞小梁网,使房水流出阻力增加,导致病理性眼压升高。因此,FN表达升高可能是POAG的发病机制中的重要原因之一。目前对FN在小梁网细胞的效能以及如何调节房水外流阻力来改变眼内压作用机制的研究尚未完全清楚,对FN在临床应用的潜在价值也有待进一步研究。
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