PFCL引起角膜和视网膜发生病理性改变的确切原因尚不清楚,可能是因为以下几点。
4.1 机械重力作用[27] 由于其大于水的比重可对视网膜产生顶压,影响了视网膜及脉络膜的血供进而产生进一步病理改变。当注射到视网膜面以后,液体的重力使本身就已缺血的视网膜进一步受到压迫,同时也影响脉络膜血循环。动物实验显示,视网膜结构改变主要是在与液体接触的下方视网膜。
4.2 自由基的毒性作用 由于全氟化碳液体制作工艺的原因,存在着少量的杂质,而未被充分氟化,此类未充分氟化物中的氟化合物、双键化合物极不稳定,分离后形成了各类自由基,进而对眼内组织产生了潜在的损害。因为其具有很强组织毒性作用。最近研究表明,改变PFCLs制备方法可提高PFCLs纯度,如临床常用的PFCLs制备通常采用了取代反应:用氟原子取代氢原子,反应中产生的热能,可使得不稳定的杂质化合物成分产生。
4.3 分子结构本身的作用 全氟菲不含氧及氢原子,能在眼内保存较长时间(>2周)而不引起眼内结构的损害。而全氟三丁烷则由于含有氢原子而在眼内引起继发改变的时间最短。
4.4 Müller细胞对钾离子的虹吸作用障碍假说[27] 由于视网膜与玻璃体之间正常的离子交换机制遭到破坏,造成视网膜内外的离子浓度失衡而导致视网膜损害。正常时Müller细胞通过虹吸作用将多余的钾离子排入玻璃体腔内,从而缓冲视网膜细胞外的钾离子浓度。当全氟化碳液体作为玻璃体腔填充物与视网膜的内界膜直接接触时,影响了Müller细胞对钾离子的虹吸作用,造成大量钾离子存积在视网膜(尤其是外层视网膜)的细胞外间质中,可以引起神经元变性和细胞死亡。
5 全氟化碳液体的注入与取出
5.1 注入 (1)首先行完全的玻璃体切割手术,松解机化灶,使网膜恢复活动性。(2)将细针头置于后极部乳头前,形成一个液球,然后在液球内缓缓注入,使网膜从后极向周边部逐渐复位,网膜下液可从裂孔排出。(3)由于PFCLs具有表面张力,一般不会在小裂孔处进入网膜下。
5.2 取出 由于全氟化碳液体长期存留在眼内会对组织产生一定毒性作用,手术结束后须及时取出全氟化碳液体,可采用气体―液体交换或液体―硅油交换,利用其比重大、黏度低的特性用笛针吸除,但往往不能完全取净,由于屈光间质观察不清或全氟化碳液体本身界面的原因,会在术后残留少量液体于网膜表面,并随之形成小液滴最终挥发排出。
6 展望
全氟化碳液体给复杂性视网膜脱离的治疗带来了希望,已经越来越广泛地应用在眼科玻璃体视网膜手术中,为广大眼科医师提供了一种有效的液体操作工具。但由于其潜在的眼内毒性,目前只能作为暂时的玻璃体填充物,术后须立即取出。为此国外已有不少学者开始研制可以在眼内长期存留的PFCLs[28],其研究方向是在碳化合物中加入氟碳链,使之纯度及生物耐受性提高,虽然目前仍停留在实验室观察阶段,但其发展前景值得我们努力和进一步关注。
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