4 存在问题
4.1 年龄 目前报道接受准分子激光角膜屈光手术的最小年龄是5岁[10],有研究显示患者年龄可能会影响准分子激光角膜屈光手术的效果[16]。由于近视在儿童中还不稳定,故不可逆的屈光手术应该在屈光状态稳定后进行,儿童早期应暂缓。但对常规治疗无效的屈光参差性弱视是准分子激光角膜屈光手术医学上的肯定适应证,因此尽管眼轴、晶状体、角膜曲率等可能尚不稳定,但一些学者建议在治疗儿童屈光参差,作为一种安全、有效的辅助治疗,准分子激光治疗还是可以尽早进行。远视与近视有所不同,一般人的远视不会继续发展,因此,准分子激光角膜屈光手术对高度远视尤其是伴屈光参差可能产生弱视者会有利。到底最小多大年龄可行准分子激光治疗尚有待探讨。
4.2 PRK和LASIK 在成人LASIK较PRK有诸多优点如保留Bowman's膜、术后视力恢复快、疼痛轻、haze发生率低、术后用药时间短、在高度近视预测性高于PRK等; 同样由于在角膜上制作角膜瓣 ,相应地也增加潜在危险如感染、角膜瓣碎、移位甚至角膜穿孔等。在儿童高度近视治疗中有学者倾向于LASIK[11],以避免PRK术后可能出现的haze加重现象;远视LASIK效果好于PRK,同样,在儿童LASIK也存在相应的危险,术后护理尤为重要,以防角膜瓣的移位、继发感染等。
5 结语
尽管准分子激光角膜屈光手术在儿童应用初步报告结果令人鼓舞,但毕竟病例数少,同时也应注意到准分子激光角膜屈光手术可作为一种常规弱视治疗的辅助方法,术后病人仍需坚持弱视治疗。另外,准分子激光角膜屈光手术可能仅适应于儿童某些特殊屈光不正眼的治疗,如近视、远视屈光参差且常规治疗失败有可能产生弱视者;其适应证、并发症、术式的选择等问题尚需大量临床病例长时间观察和进一步探讨。
作者简介:刘后仓(1966-),男,安徽巢湖人,硕士,医师,研究方向:视光学和眼肌。
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收稿日期:2000-05-17
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