3.2 11-顺-视黄醇的生成 RPE细胞中的11-顺-视黄醇主要来自于两条途径:其一,上述全反式视黄醇继续在RPE65的催化下异构化为11-顺-视黄醇,此时的RPE65亦称全反式-11-顺视黄醇异构酶[15];其二,上述反应生成的全反式视黄酯在RPE65的催化下生成11-顺-视黄醇。
RPE65是RC循环中的异构酶,RPE65基因突变可导致人类视网膜病变。1992年Bavik等发现RPE65是RC循环中首先表达于RPE的重要蛋白,后又发现视锥细胞中也有此种蛋白的表达。PRE65可以结合视黄酯,属于类胡萝卜素加单氧酶超家族,主要功能为催化裂解类胡萝卜素及相关分子中多聚烯骨干中的碳碳双键。1998年Redmond等发现RPE65是11-顺-视黄醇生成所必需的,2005年Redmond等证实RPE65即为视黄醇异构酶。
3.3 11-顺-视黄醛的生成 11-顺-视黄醇在辅酶II-依赖性11-顺-视黄醇脱氢酶(NADPH-dependent 11-cis-retinol dehydrogenase,NC-RDH)的作用下被氧化为11-顺-视黄醛[16]。体外实验发现,I和IV家族的中链醇类脱氢酶(Class I and IV medium chain alcohol dehydrogenases,ADH)以Zn2+为辅酶也可水解11-顺-视黄醇[17]。NC-RDH与ADH以及NA-RDH同属于短链醇脱氢酶(short-chain alcohol dehydrogenases,SCAD)超家族。
4 11-顺-视黄醛的转运
RPE内的11-顺-视黄醛主要依靠与IRBP结合而被转运至感光细胞,并与感光细胞外节膜上的视蛋白结合成为视紫红质而重新发挥其功能。
5 结语
维生素A循环的各步反应的顺利进行是视觉形成的重要前提之一,该循环中任何一个蛋白或者酶的功能异常或量的改变都将导致视网膜相关疾病。然而由于此循环的复杂性,其在一些视网膜疾病中的确切作用还有待进一步的研究发现。
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