2.荧光显微镜检查
目前常用的有钙荧光白 (CFW)染色法和吖啶橙染色法。吖啶橙燃料能与真菌DNA结合,在黑背景下显示橙绿色真菌。CFW能与真菌胞壁的几丁质和纤维素紧密结合,使菌丝发出明亮的淡兰色荧光,在荧光显微镜下真菌轮廓和黑暗背景对比明显,易于分辨。CFW还能检测活体标本,适于术中真菌的快速诊断[23]。本法与普通光镜相比,最突出的特点是敏感性高,但工具要求较高,试剂不易购买等缺点使它的广泛应用受到限制。
(二)真菌培养[2]
临床上对角膜刮片都应进行常规培养,大多数角膜感染的真菌至少3天才能生长,培养1周以上才能确定是否为真菌感染。为了分离鉴定真菌,有时需要辅助培养基。角膜刮片或组织培养是诊断真菌感染的最可靠依据,同时可鉴定真菌菌种,进行药敏实验,为临床上选择敏感药物治疗提供依据。此法的缺点是耗时长,明确诊断时往往影响治疗,且培养结果受取样的影响较大。
(三)角膜活检[24]
通常在临床上,对疑为角膜真菌感染患者,在角膜刮片和真菌培养阴性,或深层浸润难以用角膜刮片获取标本者;对已确认单疱病毒性角膜炎,在用抗病毒药物联合皮质类固醇治疗期间病情恶化者,行角膜活检极为有用。取得的标本进行镜检、培养可对角膜真菌感染做到快速、正确的诊断,比单纯角膜刮片更为优越。但是,当角膜溃疡大、深者,容易造成角膜穿孔。
(四)凝集素组织化学染色
凝集素属于蛋白或糖蛋白,能与其特异性糖基相结合,用来探察真菌细胞壁上的糖基受体,从而检测真菌的有无及鉴别其种属。凝集素还能与荧光素、生物素、酶、胶体金等示踪物结合,在光镜或电镜水平显示其结合部位。Thomas等[22]发现不同荧光标记凝集素可以与不同真菌细胞壁的几丁质结合,发出特异荧光,以鉴别菌种;Garcia等[25]认为过氧化物酶标记的植物凝集素在诊断实验性角膜真菌感染,具有较高的特异性和敏感性,是一种可靠的诊断方法。
(五)共焦显微镜检查
共焦显微镜检查是一种快速、有效、无创性的活体检查手段,能从四维水平进行扫描成像,动态观察角膜组织中的菌丝。谢立信等[26]进行了大宗病历的临床共焦显微镜技术检查,发现了它具有其它方法不能比拟的优点:1.对角膜无损伤;2.检查速度快,范围全面;3.阳性率高达96.9%;李绍伟等[27]研究共焦显微镜检查常见真菌性角膜炎的图象特点,认为该法对真菌性角膜炎的鉴别诊断有重要的参考价值。然而,该法仅对浅层菌丝的检测效果较好,当感染波及角膜全层时,对深层的菌丝和组织难以检查出清晰的图象[26],且对菌种的鉴别尚不成熟,设备的昂贵限制了它的进一步普及。
(六)聚合酶链反应(PCR)
近年来,敏感、快速等特点使得PCR技术在诊断真菌性角膜炎中得到越来越广泛的应用。选择真菌基因中不同的目的片段而设计引物,能特异性地检测真菌,如,Alexandrakis等[28]将PCR用于检查镰刀菌引起的兔真菌性角膜炎,敏感性达89%;Kumar等[29]成功将PCR结合单链构象多态性(SSCP)分析应用于临床中烟曲菌角膜炎的诊断。Gaudio等[2]将PCR与培养技术相比较,其中74%的结果一致,10%的病例PCR为阳性,培养阴性,3%的病例PCR为阴性,培养阳性,认为PCR对临床角膜真菌的诊断具有广阔的应用前景。
三 小结 随着角膜真菌感染发病率的日益增高,早期诊断、早期治疗已成为目前临床的迫切需求。虽然真菌的实验室检测技术日趋成熟,但能应用于诊断临床角膜真菌感染的手段依然有限,各种方法各有利弊。借鉴真菌检测技术的研究成果,寻求更为快速、准确、简便、特异、敏感的技术用于临床角膜真菌的检测及鉴定其种属,将使真菌性角膜炎得到良好的预防和控制。 参考文献
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