4 角膜后表面非球面特性和最适球面的改变
对LASIK术后眼的研究发现,角膜后表面的非球面特性也发生了一定规律的改变。Seitz等[17]对LASIK术后患者用裂隙角膜地形图测量的高度数据进行Zernik分解,评价非球面特性的改变,角膜非球面P值的改变有显著区别,范围是-0.13~1.39。研究发现,术前P值为0.86~1.22,有50%的非球面值小于0.98,表示大多数角膜后表面曲率术前为长球面(即中央陡,周边变平);而在术后3个月,非球面值的范围是0.98~2.44,有50%的非球面值大于1.14,即大多数角膜后表面曲率术后为扁球面(即中央平,周边变陡),此现象有待进一步研究。
有很多学者通过比较手术前后最适球面的变化来评价术后角膜的形态改变。Twa等[19]对术前和术后6个月角膜后表面中央9 mm区BFS进行比较,平均曲率半径减小了0.1 mm(即后表面较术前陡),从6.31到6.21 mm,其减小程度与切削深度、术后残余角膜厚度、年龄和残余近视性屈光不正的度数有关。同时,研究还表明,LASIK术后角膜后表面最高点(与后表面BFS比较)增高,其增加量与术后角膜厚度、最高点距角膜中心点的距离、残余屈光不正和角膜后表面BFS的曲率半径有关,术后角膜最薄点越薄,角膜后表面高度越高,其后表面BFS曲率半径越小。
5 展望
我们通过角膜后表面的改变来了解激光术后角膜结构的改变,避免了由于激光切削使角膜前表面曲率和组织结构发生改变及角膜瓣和基质床愈合的影响所引起的角膜前表面测量结果的不准确。目前,可以测量角膜后表面参数的仪器有Orbscan和Pentacam,本综述中的大部分研究者也都是利用这两种仪器进行测量。尽管Orbscan被广泛用于临床,在正常眼其测量的精确性、可重复性和稳定性好[20-21],然而用它测量激光术后角膜后表面的精确性和可重复性还未得到科学的证实。而Pentacam作为一种新的测量手段,其对正常人角膜后表面测量的可重复性好,对角膜厚度、角膜后表面、散光和大直径范围角膜非球面度的分析结果可靠[22-23],对LASIK术后眼的参数重复性也很好[24],但其精确性尚有待进一步研究。
其他可以准确测量LASIK术后角膜后表面以及角膜结构改变的仪器也有待研究,以便能更准确地了解角膜屈光术后角膜的生物力学改变。术后角膜后表面的改变与眼内压、角膜瓣的厚度、切削深度、切削半径、残余基质床厚度等有怎样的相关性目前还有很多争议,角膜后表面(如:曲率半径、后表面高度等)中央区和周边区的改变是否一致等仍有待进一步研究。
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