Martin Mainster

　　Aim：To analyze how age-related losses in crystalline lens transmittance and pupillary area affect circadian photoreception and compare the circadian performance of phakic and pseudophakic individuals of the same age.

　　Method:The spectral sensitivity of circadian photoreception peaks in the blue part of the spectrum at approximately 460 nm.Photosensitive retinal ganglion cells send unconscious information about environmental illumination to non-visual brain centres including the human body’s master biological clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei.This information permits human physiology to be optimised and aligned with geophysical day–night cycles using neural and hormonal messengers including melatonin.Age-related transmittance spectra of crystalline lenses and photopic pupil diameter are used with the spectral sensitivity of melatonin suppression and the transmittance spectra of intraocular lenses(IOLs)to analyse how ageing and IOL chromophores affect circadian photoreception.

　　Results:Ageing increases crystalline lens light absorption and decreases pupil area resulting in progressive loss of circadian photoreception.A 10-year-old child has circadian photoreception 10-fold greater than a 95-year-old phakic adult.A 45-year-old adult retains only half the circadian photoreception of early youth.Pseudophakia improves circadian photoreception at all ages，particularly with UV-only blocking IOLs which transmit blue wavelengths optimal for non-visual photoreception.

　　Conclusions:Inadequate environmental light and/or ganglion photoreception can cause circadian disruption，increasing the risk of insomnia，depression，numerous systemic disorders and possibly early mortality.Artificial lighting is dimmer and less blueweighted than natural daylight，contributing to age-related losses in unconscious circadian photoreception.Optimal intraocular lens design should consider the spectral requirements of both conscious and unconscious retinal photoreception.