3 长效气体和硅油的并发症
3.1 眼压升高
1991年Chen等[19]曾作过非随机性研究,证实C3F8的浓度与术后眼压呈正相关。1993年Han等[20]对用不同浓度(12%和20%)的C3F8治疗30例非青光眼患者实施玻切和气液交换的随机前瞻性研究,得出结论:36~48h平均眼内气泡的大小与平均眼压高峰,最终眼压值之间无明显关系,即两种浓度的C3F8对眼压影响差别不大,但20%浓度的填塞时间明显延长。
眼压升高一般可用药物治疗,数日内使其恢复正常,只有注气量超过玻璃体容积或眼的代偿能力下降时眼压会急剧升高,致视网膜中央动脉阻塞,需要放气[13,14]。
硅油前移引起瞳孔阻滞而继发眼压升高,为预防可作虹膜周切[21],硅油进入前房还可引起角膜变性,其特征为不可逆的内皮细胞缺失。Madreperla等[22]认为硅油同角膜相接触与术后下方虹膜周切的关闭密切相关,在前6个月虹膜周切关闭的发生率为33%。PDR患者发生虹膜周切关闭的危险明显高于PVR患者,发生严重并发症时应将硅油取出,取出条件为:稳定的网膜复位;无增殖迹象;有严重的硅油植入并发症[23]。Moisseiev等[24]提出硅油引起高眼压可能由于复杂的玻璃体视网膜病变过程损伤了房角。他们认为将乳化的硅油取出后并不能控制青光眼,也不能阻止其发展。
3.2 白内障
Sabates的报告中[11]有27%的患者用SF后发生白内障,包括后囊下混浊和核硬化。Lincoff等[4]也曾报告C3F8致后囊下出现空泡,随着气泡的吸收,大部分可恢复正常,正确调整患者术后体位,避免晶体与气泡大范围接触可预防或减轻白内障的发生。
吕林等[23]报告硅油与晶体接触后会引起白内障,硅油取出后白内障仍继续发展,说明只要玻璃体腔内注入硅油,都有发生白内障的可能。
3.3 出现新的视网膜裂孔
已有报告玻璃体腔内注射气体后出现新裂孔。气体的浮力可增加对下方网膜的牵拉力,而造成新的马蹄孔[10]。Dreyer认为[25]新的裂孔很小,无晶体眼的裂孔出现在玻璃体基底部。另外,新裂孔出现在气泡的对侧,因该处对玻璃体基底牵拉力最大,新裂孔出现在注气后的第2天。
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