【摘要】目的:研究韦格纳肉芽肿病(wegener granulomatosis,WG)的眼部表现、实验室检查、病理及影像学特点,提高眼科医师对本病的认识。方法:分析44例WG病例,入选其中有眼部表现的12例患者,回顾性研究其眼部临床表现、实验室指标、病理结果以及影像学特点。结果:发病平均年龄39岁。从发病到确诊的平均时间为11mo。眼部的任何一个部位都可能受累,包括眼球、附属器及视路。其中眼前节及眼眶最常累及。83%患者ANCA结果阳性。病理表现有实质组织坏死、肉芽肿、多核巨细胞、微脓肿和血管炎等。CT、MRI是目前辅助诊断WG的有效方法。结论:WG是一种致死性疾病,早期诊断和治疗至关重要,对于以眼科首诊和仅有眼部表现的可疑病例,眼科医生要注意鉴别。
【关键词】 韦格纳肉芽肿病;抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体;病理学; CT; MRI;眼部表现
Clinical analysis of 12 patients with ocular Wegener granulomatosis
YanYan Zhao, ShiHui Wei, HouBin Huang
Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
Correspondence to: ShiHui Wei. Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China. [email protected]
AbstractAIM: To study the ocular features, laboratory examinations, imageological and pathological features of Wegener granulomatosis (WG), so as to improve management of this disorder.METHODS: A retrospective study of 12 patients with ophthalmic involvement due to WG was carried out. RESULTS: Fortyfour patients were diagnosed to have WG. Of these, 12 had ophthalmic involvements. The patients′ average age at the beginning of the disease was 39 years. The average course from the initiation of clinical symptoms to diagnosis was 11 months. Any part of the eyeball could be involved in, but anterior segment and orbit were more common. Cytoplasmic pattern antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (cANCA) were positive in 83% of patients. Pathological manifestations involved necrosis, granulomas, multinucleated giant cells, micro abscesses, vasculitis and so forth. CT and MRI were effective methods to diagnose WG, especially ocular WG.CONCLUSION: WG is an important clinical entity that needs to be recognized early and treated appropriately. Ophthalmic manifestations are frequently encountered and can result in significant morbidity and even blindness. Combined assays of ANCA and tissue biopsies are needed for the diagnosis of WG. KEYWORDS: Wegener granulomatosis; antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody; pathology; CT; MRI; ophthalmic manifestations
引言
韦格纳肉芽肿(wegener granulomatosis, WG)是一原因未明的全身进行性血管性坏死性肉芽肿疾病。中小血管甚至大动脉坏死性肉芽肿性血管炎为其病理特征,临床表现多样,典型性WG(classical wegener granulomatosis)主要累及上下呼吸道和肾,局限性WG(limited wegener granulomatosis)局限于一个解剖学部位而未累及多系统,但80%的患者最终会发展到肾脏[1] 。大部分以眼病首诊和只有眼部表现的WG为局限性,常常因得不到早期诊断而贻误治疗,造成视力的永久丧失,或者出现眼部严重的并发症。因此认识WG早期眼部表现具有重要的临床意义。
1对象和方法
本研究回顾性研究了1993/2007年解放军总医院收治的44例WG病例,入选其中有眼部表现的12例患者,分析其眼部临床表现、实验室指标、影像学特点以及病理结果。
2结果
44例WG患者中12例以眼部起病或病程中出现眼部表现,占28%,其中男6例,女 6例,年龄24~49(平均39)岁。
2.1眼部表现
眼眶:12例患者中7例患者有眼眶受累表现,3例表现为双眼球突出,3例表现为右眼突出,1例表现为左眼突出。该7例患者均经CT或MRI证实眶内软组织影,其中6例同时有鼻窦软组织影,4例眼外肌受累。7例患者中4例有不同程度视力下降。巩膜:12例患者中2例患者巩膜受累,1例为表层巩膜炎,1例为坏死性巩膜炎。角膜:12例患者中角膜受累5例,其中角膜缘浸润3例,暴露性角膜炎1例,角膜溃疡1例,该例同时合并巩膜坏死。结膜:本研究中所有病例均有结膜充血,无特异性,2例有结膜肉芽肿形成。眼睑:本研究中7例眼眶占位病例中3例有眼睑水肿,此外有1例患者以左眼睑肿物起病,皮肤活检证实为WG。眼部症状:以不同程度的视功能损害最多见。该组病例中有9例患者病程中出现视力下降,2例因巩膜坏死,角膜炎所致,7例为眼眶占位压迫视神经所致。
2.2实验室检查
本研究中12例患者均行抗中性粒细胞浆抗体(ANCA)检查,10例cANCA为阳性,其中1例患者同时检测pANCA为阳性,2例 cANCA阴性,同时检测pANCA也为阴性(表1)。表112例WG患者临床资料(略)
2.2.1病理学检查
本研究中10例患者进行不同部位的病变组织活检证实为WG,鼻活检即有7例,皮肤活检2例,眼眶组织活检2例,眼睑活检1例。
2.2.2影像学检查
本研究中12例患者均行影像学检查,10例患者符合WG表现(其中4例行MRI检查,6例行CT检查,有1例患者行以上两种检查),其中7例为鼻部和眼眶WG,1例为单纯鼻部WG,1例为单纯眼眶WG;3例行CT检查未见WG改变。
2.3确诊过程
本组病例有3例因眼部症状突出而首诊于眼科,并且在我科即考虑为WG,转入风湿科进行全面检查以及病理活检后证实WG诊断。其余9例分别就诊于呼吸科、风湿科和耳鼻喉科,根据临床症状及多脏器受累,以病理组织活检符合肉芽肿改变而确诊。本组病例除1例患者在外院即确诊为WG外,其他11例病例入院前在外院或我院门诊均有误诊,误诊疾病有慢性鼻炎、鼻窦炎、炎性假瘤、视神经炎、结核等。起病时间至确诊时间:平均11(2~36)mo。
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