【摘要】目的:分析Alport综合征患者的临床表现和眼部病变的特征。方法:对近21a来我院确诊的31例Alport综合征患者的资料进行回顾性分析,记录其一般情况、家族史、眼部、肾功能及耳科检查结果等。结果:患者中男21例(68%),女10例(32%)。确诊年龄19.8±9.7岁。患者中有17例满足3项以上诊断标准(55%),另外14例均进行了肾穿刺活检电镜检查支持诊断。 12例有眼部异常(39%),4例同时有前锥形晶状体和黄斑周围视网膜斑点2项;1例仅有晶状体异常;7例仅有视网膜斑点。28例进行肾穿(90%),电镜检查符合诊断。20例有家族史(64%)。21例有听力障碍(68%)。结论:Alport综合征患者中眼部异常的表现有独特性;了解眼部病变特征并结合全身病史有助于疾病的诊断和随诊。
【关键词】 Alport综合征;前锥形晶状体;视网膜斑点
Clinical features of Alport syndrome
Yan Luo , LiuMei Hu, WeiYe Li
Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Union Hospital, China Union Medical University, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730,China
Correspondence to:Yan Luo.Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Union Hospital, China Union Medical University, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730,China. [email protected]
AbstractAIM: To assess Alport syndromes clinical manifestations, especially the ocular features.METHODS: Thirtyone patients who were diagnosed as Alport syndrome in past 21 years were analyzed retrospectively. They received ophthalmologic, audiologic and nephrologic assessments. The following data were recorded: age of diagnosis, sex, family history, ocular examinations, renal function, and hearing examination.RESULTS: Twentyone patients were male (68%) and 10 patients were female(32%) with diagnosis age 19.8±9.7 years. Twelve patients(39%)had the typical ocular changes of Alport syndrome in both eyes. Four patients had both anterior lenticonus and retinal flecks; one only had lens abnormality; and seven only had retinal flecks. All the patients had hematuria or progressive nephritis at admission. Twentyeight patients(90%) had renal biopsy that showed the typical splitting of glomerular basement membrane for the diagnosis. Twenty patients(64%) had positive family history. Twentyone patients (68%)had sensorineural deafness.CONCLUSION: Ocular abnormalities are not rare in adult patients of Alport syndrome. Knowing about ocular features and systenic disease history will help doctors to make the correct diagnosis and follow up. KEYWORDS: Alport syndrome; anterior lenticonus; retinal flecks
引言
Alport综合征是一种遗传性基底膜病变,患者具有特征性的肾脏、眼部及耳部病变,又称“遗传性肾病”、“眼耳肾综合征”、“ 遗传性血尿肾病耳聋综合征”等。Alport综合征患者会进展为终末性肾病,在美国儿童终末期肾病中占3%,成人终末期肾病中占0.2%,因此得到医学界的重视。今将北京协和医院自1986/2007年以来确诊为Alport综合征的患者病情报告如下并作简要讨论[1]。
1对象和方法
1.1对象
患者来源为1986/2007年以来北京协和医院确诊为Alport综合征的全部31例患者,均在我院接受了内科、耳科和眼科检查,并有书面记录。
1.2方法
我们收集并总结的项目有:性别、初次就诊的年龄及原因、明确诊断的年龄、家族史、眼部异常(包括晶状体、眼底、视力及矫正视力)、耳科电测听、内科检查结果(尿常规、肾功能、肾活检等)。近年来随着对Alport综合征的了解,很多患者在疾病早期通过肾穿刺活检得到诊断,因此我们按照Flinter等[2]建议的Alport综合征的诊断标准进行记录,即下面4项标准:(1)有血尿和/或伴有肾衰的阳性家族史;(2)肾组织电镜检查有特征性肾小球基底膜的改变;(3)特征性的眼部晶状体和眼底异常;(4)感音神经性耳聋。但肾穿刺组织学电镜检查是决定性的诊断条件,仅此一条和血尿蛋白尿等即可确定诊断。
2结果
2.1一般情况
患者中男21例(68%),女10例(32%)。确诊年龄19.8±9.7(4~39)岁,初诊年龄平均为13.8±6.9(4~38)岁。患者中有17例(55%)满足3项以上诊断标准,另外14例均进行了肾穿刺活检电镜检查支持诊断。12例有眼部异常(39%),20例(64%)有家族史,12例(39%)有明确的X染色体显性遗传家族史。21例(68%)有听力障碍。28例(90%)进行肾穿,电镜检查符合诊断。没有进行肾穿的3例都满足其它3项诊断标准。
2.2眼部异常
双眼均有特征性异常的12例中:4例同时有前锥形晶状体和视网膜斑点2项;1例仅有晶状体异常;7例仅有视网膜斑点。12例之外有1例的眼底主要是肾病性视网膜病变的表现,还有1例表现为1眼视神经萎缩(既往有视神经炎病史)。此12例的发病年龄、初诊年龄和病程与无眼部异常的19例比较,没有差异(独立样本t检验,P>0.05)。
2.3肾脏及耳部病变
全部31例患者初次到医院就诊的主要原因均为血尿、蛋白尿或浮肿等肾内科情况。多数患有不同程度的慢性进行性肾功能减退,1例接受了肾脏移植手术。进行了肾组织活检的28例患者(90%)均有特征性的肾小球基底膜改变,未行肾活检的3例具备另外3项阳性。21例(68%)电测听显示为双耳感音神经性耳聋,其中男17例。
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