3.3 体外培养的角膜缘干细胞移植术:由于角膜缘干细胞自体、异体移植术受到取材和移植排斥等多方面的限制,培养角膜缘干细胞作为移植的来源成为大多数学者的研究焦点。培养人表皮细胞和口腔上皮细胞已成功地用于自体移植,使人们联想到利用体外培养人角膜缘上皮干细胞进行移植。
3.3.1 自体角膜缘干细胞体外培养移植术:早在1993年Lindberg等[16]将培养的人角膜上皮移植到裸鼠皮下,得到了正常的角膜上皮及基底膜成分。这为临床移植培养的干细胞提供了理论依据。随后Pellegrini等[3]及Schwab等[8]分别借助软性角膜接触镜和羊膜体外培养扩增自体角膜缘组织,移植治疗患眼,成功实现了眼表重建。而羊膜以其自身独特的优点,被认为极有可能成为最佳的载体。自体角膜缘干细胞体外培养移植术既解决了自体干细胞来源有限的问题,又避免了异体间的排斥反应,故该术目前被认为是较理想的角膜缘干细胞移植术。
3.3.2 异体角膜缘干细胞体外培养移植术:2000年潘志强等[17]采用培养的同种异体角膜缘干细胞羊膜移植片治疗角膜缘功能障碍,6例患者短期治疗效果良好。而2001年Koizumi等[18]以羊膜为载体体外培养异体角膜缘组织移植治疗11例患者的13只角膜缘干细胞完全缺失的患眼,术后应用免疫抑制剂,并进行11个月的随访,发现有3例发生了上皮排斥反应。由于体外培养的同种异体角膜缘干细胞植入异基因受体,虽然其免疫原性可随培养时间增加而降低,却不能从根本上避免免疫排斥反应的发生。如能通过基因敲除技术,敲除细胞上主要组织相容性抗原复合物分子的表达,移植免疫排斥将会被彻底解决。
3.3.3 其他来源的角膜缘干细胞移植术:胚胎干细胞是指存在于早期胚胎中,具有多分化潜能的细胞。1998年Thomson和Gearhart小组[19]分别报道了他们已建立人胚胎干细胞系和人胚胎生殖细胞系,引发了人们的极大兴趣。2001年喻瓴等[20]将大鼠胚胎干细胞与兔角膜缘上皮细胞共同培养以诱导其分化,由胚胎干细胞分化出的细胞具有上皮细胞表型,并表达角膜上皮细胞特异性标志物细胞角蛋白K3/K12。随着人类对角膜缘干细胞认识和研究的逐渐加深,应用离体培养的角膜缘干细胞制造人工角膜,不仅会为角膜缘功能衰竭患者带来希望,并且可为临床眼用药物的筛选提供细胞模型,被认为具有最广阔的应用前景。
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