眼视光学杂志 1999年第1期第1卷 屈光手术
作者:陈 蔚 王勤美 瞿 佳 余 野
单位:温州医学院眼视光医院(325027)
关键词:远视;角膜原位磨镶术;角膜地形图;愈合反应
摘 要 目的:评价激光角膜原位磨镶术(LASIK)治疗对高度远视的效果和安全性。方法:选择日本大耳兔12只,根据左右眼将其分为两组。应用吸引环和微型角膜刀在兔角膜上做一带蒂角膜瓣,用KeratomⅡ准分子激光仪对左眼角膜基质床行预期矫正度数为+5.00D、右眼+8.00D的激光切削,分别于术前、术后3天、2周、1月、2月、3月对术眼进行了角膜地形图和裂隙灯检查和记录,同期随机处死一只兔子,取角膜标本进行光镜和电镜的病理学观察。结果:裂隙灯检查所有术眼无严重并发症,+5.00D组和+8.00D组术后3个月时的平均角膜中央屈折力变化分别是+4.52±1.03D和+8.64±0.84D,散光较术前增加0.36D和0.84D。两组都在术后2周~1个月时出现回退(P<0.01)。术后1月~3月的平均角膜屈折力的差别无统计学意义(P<0.05)。与预期的光学区直径5.5mm相比,两组实际得到的平均光学区直径只有3.91mm和3.93mm。实验表明双区域切削方式同样可以应用于LASIK治疗高度近视。病理学观察表明病理损伤后的愈合过程与LASIK治疗近视相近。结论:LASIK治疗中、高度远视有明显疗效且具有安全性。
Experimental study on Laser in situ keratomileusis for hyperopia Chen Wei,Wang Qinmei,Qu Jia,et al.Hosptial of Optometry and Ophthalmology,Wenzhou Medical College 325027
Abstract Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for the correction of moderate and high hyperopia.Methods:We choose 12 Japanese white rabbits as animal model.All eyes were divided into right eye group and left eye group. The suction ring and automated microkeratome were used to create a hinged round flap on the cornea of rabbit.The right eye group was given attempted +8D photoablation in the underlying stromal bed with Keratom Ⅱexcimer laser, and the left eye group was given attempted +5.00D photoablation according to software.The rabbits were examined with EyeSys videokeratoscope and slit-lamp microscope preoperation and in 3 days,2 weeks,1 month,2 months,3 months postoperation respectively,at each time of the postoperation examination ,one of the rabbits was killed randomly,the both corneas were removed for histopathological observation of transmission electron microscopy and light microscopy.Results:The slit-lamp microscope examination showed no severe complications postoperation,the increase of the attempted +5.00D group and +8.00D group were +4.52±1.03D and +8.64±0.84D respectively at 3 months postoperation,the increase of central astigmatism were 0.36D and 0.84D compared with preoperation.The statistically signifigant regression(P<0.01) of both groups occured during the period of 2 weeks to 1 month postoperation, After this period,the differences of central power were not statistically significant(p<0.05)in 2 months to 3 months follow-up in both groups.The expected diameter of the zone with homogeneous(±1D)are only 3.91mm(+5.00D group)and 3.93mm(+8.00D group)instead of the originally intended 5.5mm.The study showed two zones ablation profile is effective for correction of high hyperopia in LASIK.The histopathological investigations showed that the healing response of LASIK for hyperopia is similar to that of LASIK for myopia.Conclusion:H-LASIK can be an effective and safe procedure for correcting moderate and high hyperopia with 3 months follow-up.
Key words Hyperopia Laser in situ keratomileusis Videokeratoscope Healing response
本世纪以来,人们已设计了各种手术方法来矫正远视。目前开展和研究中的远视角膜屈光手术有:周边部六边形角膜切开术、表面角膜镜片术、自动板层角膜成形术、激光角膜热成形术和远视准分子激光角膜切削术[1]。由于受角膜形态结构学及生物力学特点的限制[2],远视的手术矫正显得比近视治疗更为困难,上述这些手术方式在预测性、安全性和稳定性方面的不足限制了它们的临床应用。激光角膜原位磨镶术(LASIK)治疗近视因其保留了角膜上皮层和前弹力层而具有其他手术不可比拟的许多优点[3],从光学理论上讲,LASIK治疗远视和治疗近视一样是可行的,但是LASIK治疗远视的切削区在角膜基质的旁中央区,这种切削方式对角膜形态和病理学的影响不得而知。目前国外关于LASIK治疗远视的临床报告甚少,比较深入的实验研究更是鲜见报道。我们应用LASIK设备,在兔眼的角膜基质床上进行远视性切削,观察术后角膜形态学的改变和组织损伤的病理学愈合反应,以期对LASIK治疗中、高度远视的有效性和安全性作出评估,现报道如下。
1 材料和方法
1.1 动物与分组:选用出生日期相近的健康纯种日本大耳兔12只,体重2.5~3.0kg,雌雄不拘。其中4只用作光镜和电镜观察,根据预期的远视矫正度数的不同,将另8只兔右眼(预期矫正+8.00D)作为一组,左眼(预期矫正+5.00D)作为另一组。
1.2 术前检查:所有的实验兔在检查和手术前,经耳缘静脉注射3%戊巴比妥钠全身麻醉(约1ml/kg体重),全部动物术前都通过裂隙灯检查,以排除眼部病变。采用Eyesys角膜地形图仪对兔眼做术前角膜地形图的检测和分析。
1.3 手术方法:使用SCMD公司的MLK气动式微型角膜刀和Coherent公司的Schwind KeratomⅡ型准分子激光仪。实验兔全麻后,在颞侧角膜用龙胆紫染色作定位标记,确定角膜中心,放置真空固定环(对吸引环的内径作了改造以达到具有与吸引人眼的相同效果)。 Barraquer压平眼压计测得眼压超过8.645kPa,调校微型角膜刀头底盘,使角膜瓣厚度固定在150μm左右,启动MLK气动式微型角膜刀,作直径约为8.0mm的带蒂板层角膜瓣,蒂位于鼻侧,宽约4.5mm,翻转后暴露角膜基质床。按照随机的Schwind GmbHK leinostheim Version 2.2 软件的切削模式(见图1),左眼组预期矫正度数为5.00D, 切削直径为5.5mm,切削深度最大处为64μm,总脉冲数为542;右眼组作双区域切削,第一步切削的直径为5.0mm,切削度数为+5.00D,切削深度为54μm,脉冲数为456,第二步切削的直径为5.5mm,切削度数为+3.00D,切削深度为37μm,脉冲数为316,该手术日每脉冲的平均切削深度为0.231μm。切削时眼球由术者用吸引环固定,直至切削完成。切削后复位角膜瓣,用平衡液作切面层间冲洗,吸干使复位确切,无需缝合。术后每天用泰利必妥眼药水点眼共一个月,未滴用激素类眼药水。
1:H-LASIK治疗+5.00D远视的切削模式图
(注:图中角膜中央1mm区未切削 ,5.5mm以内为平滑的光学切削区, 5.5mm~7.5mm为过渡区。)
1.4 术后观察:术后第3天、第2周、第1个月、第2个月、第3个月定期作角膜地形图和常规裂隙灯检查和拍照。同期每次随机选一只兔子,用3%戊巴比妥钠全麻后摘除眼球,沿角巩膜缘剪下角膜,平分为二,一半浸入4%多聚甲醛,用于光镜检查;另一半浸入2%戊二醛,用于透射电镜检查。用于光镜检查的标本,固定24小时后,石蜡包埋,切片,厚度为4~5μm。石蜡切片经二甲苯脱蜡,梯度酒精脱水,常规苏木精-伊红染色。另外,用于电镜检查的半膜定位切片也作为光镜检查的一部分。
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